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. 2023 Jun 12;13:9552. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36603-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The zeta potential-pH profiles in 0.3 mM NaCl obtained for S. aureus strain ATCC 6538 (a), and K. pneumoniae strain ATCC 4352 (b). Zeta potential values were measured directly (filled orange rhombus), after 1 h (filled grey rhombus), and 3 h (filled green rhombus) of exposure of bacteria to the polystyrene nanoparticles with a concentration of 20 μg/ml. Statistical analysis is presented in Tables S3 and S4 of the Supplementary Material.