Table 2.
Associations between fish consumption (85 g of indicated fish species) and breast-milk levels of long-chain PUFA, while controlling for maternal and child characteristics, among breast-feeding mothers (n 60) around Lake Victoria, Kenya, August 2014
| Fish consumption | Maternal/child characteristics | Full models | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Predictor | Coef. | se | 95 % CI | Coef. | se | 95 % CI | Coef. | se | 95 % CI |
| DHA | Cichlids | 0·0033 | 0·0042 | −0·0052, 0·0118 | 0·0042 | 0·0042 | −0·0042, 0·0125 | |||
| Dagaa | 0·0022 | 0·0019 | −0·0016, 0·0060 | 0·0021 | 0·0019 | −0·0016, 0·0059 | ||||
| Tilapia | 0·0002 | 0·0036 | −0·0071, 0·0074 | −0·0007 | 0·0036 | −0·0079, 0·0065 | ||||
| Nile perch | 0·0008 | 0·0015 | −0·0022, 0·0037 | 0·0011 | 0·0015 | −0·0018, 0·0041 | ||||
| BMI | 0·0000 | 0·0001 | −0·0002, 0·0002 | 0·0000 | 0·0001 | −0·0003, 0·0002 | ||||
| Excluding EBF | −0·0026** | 0·0011 | −0·0049, −0·0003 | −0·0028** | 0·0012 | −0·0052, −0·0005 | ||||
| Mother’s age | 0·0000 | 0·0001 | −0·0002, 0·0001 | 0·0000 | 0·0001 | −0·0002, 0·0001 | ||||
| Child’s age | 0·0001 | 0·0001 | −0·0001, 0·0002 | 0·0001 | 0·0001 | −0·0000, 0·0002 | ||||
| EPA | Cichlids | 0·0010 | 0·0010 | −0·0010, 0·0030 | 0·0012 | 0·0010 | −0·0008, 0·0032 | |||
| Dagaa | 0·0008* | 0·0004 | −0·0001, 0·0017 | 0·0008* | 0·0004 | −0·0001, 0·0017 | ||||
| Tilapia | −0·0003 | 0·0008 | −0·0020, 0·0014 | −0·0005 | 0·0008 | −0·0022, 0·0012 | ||||
| Nile perch | 0·0001 | 0·0003 | −0·0006, 0·0008 | 0·0002 | 0·0004 | −0·0005, 0·0009 | ||||
| BMI | 0·0000 | 0·0000 | −0·0001, 0·0000 | 0·0000 | 0·0000 | −0·0001, 0·0000 | ||||
| Excluding EBF | −0·0005 | 0·0003 | −0·0010, 0·0001, | −0·0005* | 0·0003 | −0·0011, 0·0000 | ||||
| Mother’s age | 0·0000 | 0·0000 | 0·0000, 0·0000 | 0·0000 | 0·0000 | 0·0000, 0·0000 | ||||
| Child’s age | 0·0000 | 0·0000 | 0·0000, 0·0000 | 0·0000 | 0·0000 | 0·0000, 0·0001 | ||||
| ALA | Cichlids | 0·0056** | 0·0027 | 0·0001, 0·0111 | 0·0061** | 0·0026 | 0·0010, 0·0113 | |||
| Dagaa | −0·0014 | 0·0012 | −0·0038, 0·0011 | −0·0006 | 0·0012 | −0·0029, 0·0017 | ||||
| Tilapia | 0·0043* | 0·0023 | −0·0003, 0·0090 | 0·0042* | 0·0022 | −0·0002, 0·0086 | ||||
| Nile perch | −0·0004 | 0·0009 | −0·0022, 0·0015 | 0·0003 | 0·0009 | −0·0015, 0·0021 | ||||
| BMI | −0·0001* | 0·0001 | −0·0003, 0·0000 | −0·0002** | 0·0001 | −0·0003, 0·0000 | ||||
| Excluding EBF | −0·0003 | 0·0007 | −0·0018, 0·0012 | −0·0004 | 0·0007 | −0·0018, 0·0010 | ||||
| Mother’s age | 0·0001* | 0·0000 | 0·0000, 0·0002 | 0·0001** | 0·0000 | 0·0000, 0·0002 | ||||
| Child’s age | 0·0001** | 0·0000 | 0·0000, 0·0002 | 0·0001 | 0·0000 | 0·0000, 0·0002 | ||||
| AA | Cichlids | 0·0029* | 0·0017 | −0·0004, 0·0063 | 0·0032* | 0·0017 | −0·0002, 0·0066 | |||
| Dagaa | −0·0004 | 0·0007 | −0·0019, 0·0011 | −0·0004 | 0·0008 | −0·0019, 0·0012 | ||||
| Tilapia | −0·0004 | 0·0014 | −0·0033, 0·0024 | −0·0007 | 0·0015 | −0·0036, 0·0023 | ||||
| Nile perch | 0·0003 | 0·0006 | −0·0008, 0·0015 | 0·0005 | 0·0006 | −0·0007, 0·0017 | ||||
| BMI | 0·0000 | 0·0001 | −0·0001, 0·0001 | 0·0000 | 0·0001 | −0·0001, 0·0001 | ||||
| Excluding EBF | −0·0005 | 0·0005 | −0·0015, 0·0004 | −0·0007 | 0·0005 | −0·0016, 0·0003 | ||||
| Mother’s age | 0·0000 | 0·0000 | −0·0001, 0·0001 | 0·0000 | 0·0000 | −0·0001, 0·0001 | ||||
| Child’s age | 0·0000 | 0·0000 | 0·0000, 0·0001 | 0·0000 | 0·0000 | 0·0000, 0·0001 | ||||
| LA | Cichlids | 0·0940*** | 0·0344 | 0·0251, 0·1630 | 0·0940** | 0·0359 | 0·0220, 0·1661 | |||
| Dagaa | 0·0021 | 0·0152 | −0·0286, 0·0327 | 0·0017 | 0·0162 | −0·0308, 0·0342 | ||||
| Tilapia | 0·0386 | 0·0295 | −0·0204, 0·0976 | 0·0391 | 0·0309 | −0·0230, 0·1011 | ||||
| Nile perch | 0·0166 | 0·0119 | −0·0073, 0·0405 | 0·0169 | 0·0128 | −0·0087, 0·0425 | ||||
| BMI | 0·0004 | 0·0011 | −0·0018, 0·0027 | −0·0002 | 0·0011 | −0·0024, 0·0020 | ||||
| Excluding EBF | 0·0039 | 0·0103 | −0·0168, 0·0246 | 0·0012 | 0·0099 | −0·0187, 0·0211 | ||||
| Mother’s age | −0·0001 | 0·0007 | −0·0014, 0·0012 | −0·0001 | 0·0006 | −0·0014, 0·0011 | ||||
| Child’s age | −0·0002 | 0·0005 | −0·0013, 0·0009 | 0·0000 | 0·0005 | −0·0011, 0·0011 | ||||
Coef., coefficient; ALA, α-linolenic acid; AA, arachidonic acid; LA, linoleic acid; EBF, exclusive breast-feeding.
The P<0·01 level of significance corrects for multiple comparisons.
*P<0·1, **P<0·05, ***P<0·01.