Table 4.
Frequency of consumption of chosen food products, by level of food neophobia, among pre-school children aged 2·5–7 years (n 325) from ten kindergartens located in or near Cracow, southern Poland, 2012–2013
| Level of food neophobia | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (L) (n 35) | Medium (M) (n 250) | High (H) (n 40) | |||||
| Food products | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | P |
| Barley, pasta, rice | 3·55 | 0·90 | 3·64 | 0·87 | 3·63 | 0·97 | L-M=0·755 |
| M-H=0·676 | |||||||
| L-H=0·817 | |||||||
| White bread | 5·41 | 0·82 | 5·34 | 0·97 | 5·40 | 1·14 | L-M=0·952 |
| M-H=0·407 | |||||||
| L-H=0·520 | |||||||
| Whole-wheat bread | 2·63 | 1·78 | 2·46 | 1·62 | 2·23 | 1·40 | L-M=0·732 |
| M-H=0·516 | |||||||
| L-H=0·408 | |||||||
| Milk | 4·10 | 1·82 | 4·60 | 1·45 | 4·46 | 1·65 | L-M=0·177 |
| M-H=0·734 | |||||||
| L-H=0·474 | |||||||
| Dairy products | 4·90 | 0·81 | 4·78 | 1·04 | 4·94 | 0·80 | L-M=0·766 |
| M-H=0·557 | |||||||
| L-H=0·780 | |||||||
| Fish and fish products | 2·70 | 0·79 | 2·73 | 0·69 | 2·71 | 0·73 | L-M=0·782 |
| M-H=0·657 | |||||||
| L-H=0·829 | |||||||
| White meat | 3·39 | 0·69 | 3·48 | 0·75 | 3·43 | 0·56 | L-M=0·462 |
| M-H=0·828 | |||||||
| L-H=0·699 | |||||||
| Red meat | 2·50 | 0·89 | 2·48 | 0·99 | 2·44 | 0·91 | L-M=0·462 |
| M-H=0·546 | |||||||
| L-H=0·699 | |||||||
| Eggs | 3·13 | 0·86 | 2·95 | 0·82 | 2·00 | 1·01 | L-M=0·0645 |
| M-H=0·546 | |||||||
| L-H=0·030 | |||||||
| Oils | 3·41 | 1·16 | 3·31 | 1·37 | 3·58 | 1·46 | L-M=0·759 |
| M-H=0·286 | |||||||
| L-H=0·485 | |||||||
| Butter | 4·82 | 1·68 | 4·99 | 1·32 | 4·63 | 1·57 | L-M=0·989 |
| M-H=0·236 | |||||||
| L-H=0·428 | |||||||
| Raw vegetables | 4·10 | 1·37 | 3·39 | 1·61 | 3·00 | 1·81 | L-M=0·008 |
| M-H=0·218 | |||||||
| L-H=0·008 | |||||||
| Cooked vegetables | 3·98 | 1·29 | 3·41 | 1·42 | 3·31 | 1·47 | L-M=0·013 |
| M-H=0·663 | |||||||
| L-H=0·035 | |||||||
| Raw fruit | 5·13 | 0·83 | 4·88 | 1·11 | 4·70 | 1·24 | L-M=0·300 |
| M-H=0·442 | |||||||
| L-H=0·173 | |||||||
| Fruit juices | 4·50 | 1·2 | 4·86 | 1·18 | 5·00 | 1·41 | L-M=0·272 |
| M-H=0·508 | |||||||
| L-H=0·185 | |||||||
| Sweets | 4·08 | 1·16 | 4·45 | 1·10 | 4·51 | 1·41 | L-M=0·038 |
| M-H=0·626 | |||||||
| L-H=0·080 | |||||||
| Salty snacks | 2·58 | 1·15 | 2·75 | 1·22 | 3·36 | 1·29 | L-M=0·393 |
| M-H=0·017 | |||||||
| L-H=0·014 | |||||||
| Legumes | 2·57 | 0·98 | 2·17 | 0·82 | 1·47 | 0·92 | L-M=0·071 |
| M-H=0·008 | |||||||
| L-H=0·001 | |||||||
| Unsalted nuts | 1·67 | 0·58 | 1·91 | 0·81 | 1·87 | 0·99 | L-M=0·366 |
| M-H=0·717 | |||||||
| L-H=0·385 | |||||||
P value for difference between food neophobia groups (Wilcoxon’s test); significant results (P<0·05) shown in bold.
Scale of food intake frequency: 1=never; 2=1–2 times a month; 3=1–2 times a week; 4=3–4 times a week; 5=once a day; 6=more than once a day.