Table 2.
Distribution of BMI categories by selected sociodemographic and community characteristics of the cohort of non-pregnant women of childbearing age (n 13 230) in rural Bangladesh
| Underweight (BMI<18·5 kg/m2) | Normal weight (BMI=18·5–24·9 kg/m2) | Overweight/obese (BMI≥25·0 kg/m2) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | n | n | % | n | % | n | % | P value |
| Individual | ||||||||
| Age | ||||||||
| ≤19 years | 97 | 38 | 39·2 | 55 | 56·7 | 4 | 4·1 | <0·001 |
| 20–24 years | 1702 | 589 | 34·6 | 1040 | 61·0 | 73 | 4·3 | |
| 25–29 years | 2162 | 693 | 32·0 | 1311 | 60·6 | 158 | 7·3 | |
| 30–34 years | 3129 | 1111 | 35·5 | 1784 | 57·0 | 234 | 7·5 | |
| ≥35 years | 6140 | 2464 | 40·1 | 3195 | 52·0 | 481 | 7·8 | |
| Parity | ||||||||
| 0 | 940 | 335 | 35·6 | 520 | 55·3 | 85 | 9·0 | <0·001 |
| 1–2 | 4790 | 1660 | 34·7 | 2769 | 57·8 | 361 | 7·5 | |
| 3–4 | 4266 | 1573 | 36·9 | 2363 | 55·4 | 330 | 7·7 | |
| 5–6 | 2245 | 913 | 40·6 | 1196 | 53·3 | 136 | 6·0 | |
| ≥7 | 989 | 414 | 41·9 | 537 | 54·3 | 38 | 3·8 | |
| Education | ||||||||
| No education | 3461 | 1608 | 46·5 | 1745 | 50·4 | 108 | 3·1 | <0·001 |
| 1–5 years | 5755 | 2122 | 36·9 | 3252 | 56·5 | 381 | 6·6 | |
| 6–10 years | 3791 | 1116 | 29·4 | 2248 | 59·3 | 427 | 11·3 | |
| ≥11 years | 223 | 49 | 22·0 | 140 | 62·8 | 34 | 15·2 | |
| NGO membership | ||||||||
| Yes | 1564 | 663 | 42·4 | 831 | 53·1 | 70 | 4·5 | <0·001 |
| No | 11666 | 4232 | 36·3 | 6554 | 56·2 | 880 | 7·5 | |
| Household | ||||||||
| Wealth quintile | ||||||||
| Lowest quintile | 3074 | 1497 | 48·7 | 1550 | 48·8 | 77 | 2·5 | <0·001 |
| Second lowest quintile | 2239 | 952 | 42·5 | 1205 | 53·8 | 82 | 3·7 | |
| Middle quintile | 2172 | 862 | 39·7 | 1183 | 54·5 | 127 | 5·8 | |
| Second highest quintile | 2539 | 839 | 33·0 | 1508 | 59·4 | 192 | 7·6 | |
| Highest quintile | 3206 | 745 | 23·2 | 1989 | 62·0 | 472 | 14·7 | |
| Husband’s education | ||||||||
| No education | 3485 | 1616 | 46·4 | 1759 | 50·5 | 110 | 3·2 | <0·001 |
| 1–5 years | 5401 | 2027 | 37·5 | 3060 | 56·7 | 314 | 5·8 | |
| 6–10 years | 3470 | 1056 | 30·4 | 2044 | 58·9 | 370 | 10·7 | |
| ≥11 years | 874 | 196 | 22·4 | 522 | 59·7 | 156 | 17·8 | |
| Family size | ||||||||
| 1–4 | 2241 | 842 | 37·6 | 1229 | 54·8 | 170 | 7·6 | <0·05 |
| 5–6 | 3451 | 1284 | 37·2 | 1918 | 55·6 | 249 | 7·2 | |
| 7–8 | 2972 | 1166 | 39·2 | 1603 | 53·9 | 203 | 6·8 | |
| ≥9 | 4566 | 1603 | 35·1 | 2635 | 57·7 | 328 | 7·2 | |
| Religion | ||||||||
| Muslim | 12332 | 4499 | 36·5 | 6910 | 56·0 | 923 | 7·5 | <0·001 |
| Other | 898 | 396 | 44·1 | 475 | 52·9 | 27 | 3·0 | |
| Type of latrine | ||||||||
| Improved† | 10721 | 3863 | 36·0 | 6019 | 56·1 | 839 | 7·8 | <0·001 |
| Non-improved‡ | 2509 | 1032 | 41·1 | 1366 | 54·4 | 111 | 4·4 | |
| Source of drinking-water | ||||||||
| Improved§ | 6185 | 2228 | 36·0 | 3421 | 55·3 | 536 | 8·7 | <0·001 |
| Non-improved║ | 7045 | 2667 | 37·9 | 3964 | 56·3 | 414 | 5·9 | |
| Type of cooking fuel | ||||||||
| Improved¶ | 71 | 10 | 14·1 | 48 | 67·6 | 13 | 18·3 | <0·0001 |
| Non-improved†† | 13159 | 4885 | 37·1 | 7337 | 55·8 | 937 | 7·1 | |
| Remittance | ||||||||
| Yes | 2802 | 751 | 26·8 | 1738 | 62·0 | 313 | 11·2 | <0·001 |
| No | 10428 | 4144 | 39·7 | 5647 | 54·1 | 637 | 6·1 | |
| Community | ||||||||
| Food availability | ||||||||
| Pre-harvest‡‡ | 5173 | 2004 | 38·7 | 2780 | 53·7 | 389 | 7·5 | <0·01 |
| Post-harvest§§ | 8057 | 2891 | 35·9 | 4605 | 57·2 | 561 | 7·0 | |
| Time to upazila headquarters | ||||||||
| <30 min | 1360 | 450 | 33·1 | 831 | 61·1 | 79 | 5·8 | <0·001 |
| 30–44 min | 7204 | 2711 | 37·6 | 3942 | 54·7 | 551 | 7·7 | |
| ≥45 min | 4666 | 1734 | 37·2 | 2612 | 56·0 | 320 | 6·9 | |
| Availability of MOHFW or NGO clinic | ||||||||
| Yes | 785 | 255 | 32·5 | 461 | 58·7 | 69 | 8·8 | 0·01 |
| No | 12 445 | 4640 | 37·3 | 6924 | 55·6 | 881 | 7·1 | |
NGO, non-governmental organization; MOHFW, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
Improved latrine included all flushed and pit latrines with slab.
Non-improved latrine included pit latrine without slab, hanging latrine, dry latrine and no latrine/bush/field.
Improved sources of drinking-water included water from pipe/tap, tube well and tank.
Non-improved sources of drinking-water included water from dug well, spring, rain and river/dam/lake/pond/stream/canal.
Improved cooking fuel included cooking by electric, liquefied petroleum gas and kerosene.
Non-improved cooking fuel included cooking by using wood, charcoal, straw/shrubs/grass, agricultural crop and animal dung.
Pre-harvest: period between July and December of a year.
Post-harvest: period between January and June of a year.