Table 1.
Age-adjusted baseline risk characteristics according to water intake from foods and beverages among 22 939 men and 35 362 women aged 40–79 years, Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study
| Quintiles of energy-adjusted water intake | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (low) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 (high) | P for trend | |
| Men | ||||||
| Range of water intake (ml/d) | <1053 | 1053–1250 | 1251–1442 | 1443–1690 | ≥1691 | |
| No. of subjects | 4587 | 4588 | 4588 | 4588 | 4588 | |
| Age (years) | 55·5 | 55·6 | 55·7 | 56·0 | 56·8 | <0·001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22·8 | 22·7 | 22·6 | 22·7 | 22·8 | 0·754 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/d) | 43·2 | 34·4 | 32·7 | 29·1 | 27·5 | <0·001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 55·2 | 53·4 | 51·3 | 54·5 | 56·7 | 0·067 |
| History of hypertension (%) | 21·8 | 20·2 | 19·2 | 17·0 | 16·2 | <0·001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 6·5 | 6·6 | 5·9 | 5·9 | 5·8 | 0·036 |
| Coffee intake, ≥1 time/d (%) | 32·4 | 52·6 | 60·2 | 67·5 | 66·5 | <0·001 |
| Green tea intake, ≥1 time/d (%) | 50·1 | 79·5 | 92·1 | 96·9 | 98·3 | <0·001 |
| Vegetable intake (times/week) | 2·1 | 2·6 | 2·7 | 3·0 | 3·2 | <0·001 |
| Fruit intake (times/week) | 1·6 | 2·4 | 2·7 | 3·0 | 3·4 | <0·001 |
| Fresh fish intake (times/week) | 3·3 | 3·5 | 3·4 | 3·5 | 3·8 | <0·001 |
| Walk, ≥3 h/week (%) | 6·7 | 6·8 | 6·9 | 7·0 | 7·2 | <0·001 |
| Sports, ≥5 h/week (%) | 6·6 | 5·9 | 7·1 | 7·9 | 7·4 | 0·002 |
| Sleep (h/d) | 7·5 | 7·4 | 7·4 | 7·4 | 7·4 | <0·001 |
| Fibre intake (g/d) | 8·3 | 8·7 | 8·9 | 9·4 | 10·1 | <0·001 |
| Sugar intake (g/d) | 220 | 218 | 222 | 227 | 239 | <0·001 |
| College or higher education (%) | 14·2 | 17·8 | 20·2 | 20·1 | 19·6 | <0·001 |
| Women | ||||||
| Range of water intake (ml/d) | <1036 | 1036–1220 | 1221–1393 | 1394–1606 | ≥1607 | |
| No. of subjects | 7072 | 7073 | 7072 | 7073 | 7072 | |
| Age (years) | 56·9 | 56·1 | 55·7 | 56·1 | 56·5 | 0·001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23·1 | 22·8 | 22·9 | 22·9 | 23·0 | 0·844 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/d) | 14·6 | 9·4 | 8·7 | 8·7 | 8·4 | <0·001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 5·0 | 4·1 | 4·1 | 4·6 | 6·4 | <0·001 |
| History of hypertension (%) | 22·0 | 20·4 | 20·4 | 20·5 | 19·0 | <0·001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 4·0 | 3·2 | 3·3 | 3·2 | 3·2 | 0·031 |
| Coffee intake, ≥1 time/d (%) | 30·2 | 51·3 | 55·0 | 62·0 | 63·6 | <0·001 |
| Green tea intake, ≥1 time/d (%) | 44·5 | 76·6 | 92·3 | 96·0 | 97·0 | <0·001 |
| Vegetable intake (times/week) | 2·6 | 3·1 | 3·2 | 3·4 | 3·7 | <0·001 |
| Fruit intake (times/week) | 2·4 | 3·1 | 3·3 | 3·6 | 3·9 | <0·001 |
| Fresh fish intake (times/week) | 3·3 | 3·5 | 3·5 | 3·6 | 3·8 | <0·001 |
| Walk, ≥3 h/week (%) | 7·0 | 7·1 | 7·3 | 7·3 | 7·4 | <0·001 |
| Sports, ≥5 h/week (%) | 3·8 | 3·9 | 4·5 | 4·8 | 4·7 | <0·001 |
| Sleep (h/d) | 7·1 | 7·1 | 7·1 | 7·0 | 7·0 | <0·001 |
| Fibre intake (g/d) | 8·5 | 8·6 | 8·7 | 9·0 | 9·4 | <0·001 |
| Sugar intake (g/d) | 209 | 197 | 198 | 198 | 200 | <0·001 |
| College or higher education (%) | 7·6 | 9·4 | 11·1 | 11·8 | 13·0 | <0·001 |