Table 2.
Hazard ratio (HR) and 95 % CI of mortality from CHD, total stroke, stroke type and total CVD, according to quintile of water intake from foods and beverages, among 22 939 men and 35 362 women aged 40–79 years, Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study
| Quintiles of energy-adjusted water intake | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (low) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 (high) | ||||||
| Ref. | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | P for trend | |
| Men | ||||||||||
| Range of water intake (ml/d) | <1053 | 1053–1250 | 1251–144 | 1443–1690 | ≥1691 | |||||
| Person-years | 73 524 | 72 515 | 73 750 | 74 627 | 75 973 | |||||
| Total CVD, n | 348 | 328 | 319 | 299 | 343 | |||||
| Age-adjusted | 1·00 | 0·97 | 0·86, 1·09 | 0·95 | 0·85, 1·07 | 0·79 | 0·70, 0·89*** | 0·83 | 0·74, 0·93** | <0·001 |
| Multivariable-adjusted† | 1·00 | 1·00 | 0·86, 1·18 | 1·01 | 0·85, 1·20 | 0·86 | 0·72, 1·03 | 0·88 | 0·72, 1·07 | 0·03 |
| CHD, n | 88 | 82 | 79 | 65 | 76 | |||||
| Age-adjusted | 1·00 | 1·00 | 0·80, 1·27 | 0·97 | 0·76, 1·23 | 0·72 | 0·55, 0·93* | 0·77 | 0·60, 0·98* | 0·007 |
| Multivariable-adjusted† | 1·00 | 1·02 | 0·74, 1·40 | 1·05 | 0·75, 1·49 | 0·81 | 0·55, 1·18 | 0·81 | 0·54, 1·21 | 0·06 |
| Total stroke, n | 158 | 138 | 137 | 148 | 139 | |||||
| Age-adjusted | 1·00 | 0·97 | 0·81, 1·16 | 0·97 | 0·81, 1·16 | 0·93 | 0·78, 1·11 | 0·80 | 0·67, 0·96* | 0·005 |
| Multivariable-adjusted† | 1·00 | 0·97 | 0·76, 1·23 | 1·02 | 0·79, 1·32 | 1·04 | 0·79, 1·36 | 0·86 | 0·64, 1·16 | 0·32 |
| Haemorrhagic stroke, n | 59 | 42 | 46 | 48 | 39 | |||||
| Age-adjusted | 1·00 | 0·85 | 0·62, 1·18 | 0·92 | 0·68, 1·26 | 0·90 | 0·67, 1·22 | 0·68 | 0·49, 0·95* | 0·02 |
| Multivariable-adjusted† | 1·00 | 0·84 | 0·55, 1·28 | 0·97 | 0·62, 1·50 | 1·00 | 0·63, 1·60 | 0·81 | 0·47, 1·39 | 0·43 |
| Ischaemic stroke, n | 82 | 85 | 81 | 89 | 88 | |||||
| Age-adjusted | 1·00 | 1·04 | 0·82, 1·31 | 1·02 | 0·81, 1·29 | 0·96 | 0·77, 1·20 | 0·87 | 0·70, 1·09 | 0·19 |
| Multivariable-adjusted† | 1·00 | 1·09 | 0·79, 1·50 | 1·13 | 0·80, 1·59 | 1·10 | 0·77, 1·58 | 0·89 | 0·60, 1·31 | 0·68 |
| Women | ||||||||||
| Range of water intake (ml/d) | <1036 | 1036, 1220 | 1201, 1393 | 1394, 1606 | ≥1607 | |||||
| Person-years | 116 789 | 116 678 | 117 231 | 118 529 | 122 256 | |||||
| Total CVD, n | 426 | 321 | 283 | 333 | 344 | |||||
| Age-adjusted | 1·00 | 0·91 | 0·81, 1·03 | 0·82 | 0·73, 0·93** | 0·93 | 0·83, 1·05 | 0·85 | 0·76, 0·95** | 0·001 |
| Multivariable-adjusted† | 1·00 | 0·88 | 0·76, 1·03 | 0·79 | 0·67, 0·94* | 0·88 | 0·74, 1·05 | 0·79 | 0·66, 0·95* | 0·10 |
| CHD, n | 88 | 53 | 52 | 60 | 52 | |||||
| Age-adjusted | 1·00 | 0·77 | 0·58, 1·03 | 0·78 | 0·58, 1·03 | 0·86 | 0·66, 1·13 | 0·66 | 0·49, 0·88** | 0·005 |
| Multivariable-adjusted† | 1·00 | 0·71 | 0·49, 1·02 | 0·70 | 0·47, 1·03 | 0·75 | 0·50, 1·12 | 0·60 | 0·39, 0·93* | 0·20 |
| Total stroke, n | 190 | 160 | 138 | 142 | 147 | |||||
| Age-adjusted | 1·00 | 1·06 | 0·90, 1·25 | 0·93 | 0·78, 1·12 | 0·93 | 0·78, 1·10 | 0·85 | 0·71, 1·01 | 0·003 |
| Multivariable-adjusted† | 1·00 | 0·99 | 0·79, 1·24 | 0·91 | 0·71, 1·17 | 0·90 | 0·69, 1·17 | 0·80 | 0·60, 1·06 | 0·23 |
| Haemorrhagic stroke, n | 66 | 62 | 64 | 58 | 65 | |||||
| Age-adjusted | 1·00 | 1·05 | 0·80, 1·37 | 1·10 | 0·84, 1·44 | 0·96 | 0·73, 1·27 | 0·98 | 0·75, 1·28 | 0·60 |
| Multivariable-adjusted† | 1·00 | 1·09 | 0·75, 1·57 | 1·19 | 0·80, 1·77 | 1·08 | 0·71, 1·66 | 1·10 | 0·70, 1·73 | 0·44 |
| Ischaemic stroke, n | 99 | 80 | 62 | 71 | 72 | |||||
| Age-adjusted | 1·00 | 1·02 | 0·80, 1·29 | 0·80 | 0·61, 1·04 | 0·89 | 0·69, 1·14 | 0·78 | 0·61, 1·00* | 0·01 |
| Multivariable-adjusted† | 1·00 | 0·95 | 0·70, 1·31 | 0·79 | 0·55, 1·14 | 0·85 | 0·59, 1·22 | 0·70 | 0·47, 0·99* | 0·19 |
Ref., reference category.
*
P<0·05, **P<0·01, ***P<0·001.
†
Adjusted for age, BMI (quintile), smoking, alcohol consumption, intakes of coffee, green tea, fresh fish, vegetables, fruits, fibre, sugar and energy, hours of sleep, walking and sports, education level and history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus.