Table 4.
Within-group data for pain, function, and adverse events (if any) in the short, medium, and long term*
| Author, year [ref] | Intervention | Outcome | Timepoint reported | Outcome measure | Mean ± SD (n) at baseline | Mean ± SD (n) at follow-up | Mean difference† (95% CI), p-value | Standardised mean difference† (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ibuki et al. 2010 [22] | Custom-made arch contouring FOs‡ | Pain |
Short term, 3 months |
NRS worst level of pain | 7.81 ± 1.65 (57) | 5.55 ± 2.15 (57) | 2.26 (1.56, 2.96), < 0.01 | 1.17 (0.77, 1.57) |
|
Medium term, 6 months |
NRS worst level of pain | 7.81 ± 1.65 (57) | 4.54 ± 2.33 (57) | 3.27 (2.53, 4.01), < 0.01 | 1.61 (1.18, 2.03) | |||
| Function |
Short term, 3 months |
NRS difficulty walking outdoors | 7.81 ± 2.69 (57) | 4.12 ± 2.54 (57) | 3.69 (2.73, 4.65), < 0.01 | 1.40 (0.99, 1.81) | ||
|
Medium term, 6 months |
NRS difficulty walking outdoors | 7.81 ± 2.69 (57) | 4.07 ± 2.73 (57) | 3.74 (2.75, 4.73), < 0.01 | 1.37 (0.96, 1.78) | |||
| Rao et al. 2009 [21] | Shoe stiffening inserts | Pain |
Short term, 4 weeks |
FFI-R pain subscale§ | 37.1 ± 9.5 (20) | 30.6 ± 10.1 (20) | 6.50 (0.42,12.58), 0.04 | 0.65 (0.01, 1.29) |
| Function |
Short term, 4 weeks |
FFI-R disability subscale¶ | 37.3 ± 10.7 (20) | 35.0 ± 11.6 (20) | 2.30 ( – 4.62, 9.22), 0.51 | 0.20 ( – 0.42, 0.82) | ||
| Yi et al. 2018 [19] | Shoe stiffening inserts | Pain |
Immediate#, Within same session |
VAS while walking (with mild midfoot arthritis) | 2.0 ± 1.0 (7)** | 2.0 ± 1.0 (7)** | 0.00 ( – 1.05, 1.05), 1.00 | 0.00 ( – 1.05, 1.05) |
| VAS while walking (with moderate midfoot arthritis) | 5.5 ± 1.4 (6)** | 2.0 ± 0.5 (6)** | 3.50 (2.31, 4.69), < 0.01 | 3.07 (1.19, 4.95) | ||||
| Drakonaki et al. 2011 [11] | Intra-articular corticosteroid injection | Pain |
Short term, Between 1 to 3 months |
Improvement in pain was measured as a positive or negative effect†† | 23/40 (57.5%) reported a positive effect†† | |||
|
Medium term, Between 6 to 12 months |
4/40 (10.0%) reported a positive effect†† | |||||||
|
Long term, > 12 months |
1/40 (2.5%) reported a positive effect†† | |||||||
| Protheroe et al. 2018 [12] | Intra-articular corticosteroid injection | Pain and function |
Medium term, 12 months |
SEFAS‡‡ | 17 ± 6.98 (37) | 21.3 ± 10.91 (37) | 4.30 (0.13, 8.47), 0.04 | 0.46 (0.00, 0.93) |
| Adverse events |
Immediate, Up to 3 days |
Number of reported adverse events |
5/37 (13.5%) participants reported a flare reaction§§ 3/37 (8.1%) participants reported post-injection swelling, all resolving after 2 to 3 days§§ |
*SD standard deviation, CI confidence intervals, FFI Foot Function Index-Revised, NRS numerical rating scale, VAS visual analogue scale; SEFAS Self-reported Foot and Ankle Score
†Positive mean difference and positive standard mean difference values indicate an improvement in that outcome
‡Included participants who had their shoes modified with embedded carbon plates in addition to the FOs
§Lower scores in the FFI-R pain subscale represent improved pain
¶Lower scores in the FFI-R disability subscale represent better function
#Immediate time point refers to effects reported within a same-day session
**Baseline VAS was the VAS reported walking in athletic shoes without an insert, follow-up VAS was the VAS reported walking with a shoe stiffening insert
††Positive effect was graded as ‘better or no pain’ indicating partial or complete pain relief; negative effect was graded as ‘same or worse’ indicating no pain relief or increase in pain. Mean (SD) values were not reported as the authors reported dichotomous values at follow up
‡‡Higher SEFAS scores represent better function
§§Mean (SD) values were not reported as the authors reported dichotomous values at follow up