Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample of households from 240 rural communities in sixteen districts of Nepal, 2012
| Households with grandmothers (n 748) | Households without grandmothers (n 651) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % or Mean | sd | % or Mean | sd | P value† | |
| Child | |||||
| Sex: male (0/1) | 49·3 | – | 51·0 | – | 0·53 |
| Age (months; range 6–24) | 14·2 | 5·2 | 14·6 | 5·1 | 0·15 |
| Age group | |||||
| 6–8·9 months | 17·7 | – | 14·0 | – | |
| 9–11·9 months | 18·7 | – | 17·8 | – | |
| 12–14·9 months | 18·3 | – | 18·7 | – | |
| 15–17·9 months | 14·8 | – | 17·1 | – | |
| 18–20·9 months | 13·8 | – | 15·8 | – | |
| 21–23·9 months | 16·7 | – | 16·6 | – | 0·39 |
| Decision maker: child feeding | |||||
| Mother | 72·1 | – | 92·2 | – | |
| Grandmother | 10·3 | – | 0·3 | – | |
| Other | 17·6 | – | 7·5 | – | <0·001 |
| Mother | |||||
| Age (years; range 15–42) | 23·6 | 4·5 | 26·8 | 6·1 | <0·001 |
| Education (years of formal schooling completed; range 0–14) | 5·9 | 4·1 | 4·0 | 4·1 | <0·001 |
| Participation in wage/salary employment in past 12 months, yes (0/1) | 13·2 | – | 18·0 | – | 0·01 |
| Number of sources from which nutrition information ever heard (range 0–10) | 0·9 | 1·4 | 0·8 | 1·4 | 0·12 |
| Currently residing in own mother’s home, yes (0/1) | 4·7 | – | 1·8 | – | 0·003 |
| Grandmother | |||||
| Age (years; range 35–85) | 55·1 | 9·3 | NA | – | NA |
| Education (years of formal schooling; range 0–12)‡ | 0·3 | 1·2 | NA | – | NA |
| Household | |||||
| Number of children <5 years of age | 1·4 | 0·6 | 1·4 | 0·52 | 0·72 |
| Agro-ecological zone of residency | |||||
| Mountain | 23·5 | – | 27·0 | – | |
| Hill | 52·7 | – | 51·8 | – | |
| Terai | 23·8 | – | 21·2 | – | 0·25 |
| Caste/ethnicity | |||||
| Dalit | 17·4 | – | 21·8 | – | |
| Disadvantaged Janajatis | 21·9 | – | 24·0 | – | |
| Disadvantaged non-Dalit Terai | 5·2 | – | 3·2 | – | |
| Religious minorities (Muslim/Churoute) | 0·8 | – | 1·5 | – | |
| Relatively advantaged Janajatis | 5·2 | – | 4·8 | – | |
| Most advantaged (Brahmin/Chettri/Thakuri/Sanyasi) | 49·5 | – | 44·7 | – | 0·06 |
| Food security§ | |||||
| Severely food insecure | 0·9 | – | 3·2 | – | |
| Moderately food insecure | 5·8 | – | 13·1 | – | |
| Mildly food insecure | 11·2 | – | 19·1 | – | |
| Food secure | 82·1 | – | 64·7 | – | <0·001 |
| Wealth quintile | |||||
| Poorest | 20·1 | – | 20·0 | – | |
| Second poorest | 20·1 | – | 20·0 | – | |
| Middle income | 19·9 | – | 20·0 | – | |
| Second wealthiest | 20·1 | – | 20·0 | – | |
| Wealthiest | 19·9 | – | 20·0 | – | <0·001 |
NA, not available.
†
P values calculated using ANOVA for variables with mean values reported and χ 2 test for variables with prevalence.
‡
Data missing for one or two individuals (n 747, n 746).
§
Measured with the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS)( 20 ).