Table 4.
Determinants of anaemia, iron and vitamin A status* among non-pregnant women of reproductive age; Kalalé district, northern Benin, January–March 2014
| Anaemia | ID | IDA | VAD | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR | 95 % CI | AOR | 95 % CI | AOR | 95 % CI | AOR | 95 % CI | |
| Mother/caregiver characteristics | ||||||||
| Mother’s age | ||||||||
| 30–39 years | 1·12 | 0·73, 1·74 | 0·53 | 0·20, 1·38 | 0·40 | 0·14, 0·96 | 1·09 | 0·58, 2·05 |
| 40–49 years | 1·42 | 0·65, 3·06 | 0·25 | 0·03, 1·97 | 0·66 | 0·10, 4·14 | 0·88 | 0·25, 3·12 |
| 15–29 years | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Mother’s education | ||||||||
| No | n/s | 0·46 | 0·09, 2·21 | 1·26 | 0·21, 7·50 | 3·89 | 1·59, 19·07 | |
| Yes | – | – | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Mother’s occupation | ||||||||
| Agricultural/other labour | n/s | 0·57 | 0·31, 2·06 | 0·61 | 0·15, 2·55 | 0·93 | 0·47, 1·87 | |
| Service/business | – | – | 0·20 | 0·03, 0·95 | 0·15 | 0·04, 0·93 | 2·04 | 0·82, 5·07 |
| Others | – | – | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Mother’s food diversity score | ||||||||
| Low | 1·16 | 0·70, 1·93 | 2·13 | 1·68, 6·61 | 1·22 | 0·39, 3·77 | 1·06 | 0·42, 2·64 |
| Median | 1·01 | 0·58, 1·74 | 1·86 | 0·55, 6·27 | 0·66 | 0·17, 2·51 | 1·66 | 0·73, 3·79 |
| High | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Mother’s BMI | ||||||||
| Underweight | 0·79 | 0·39, 1·59 | 5·48 | 1·35, 22·19 | 2·69 | 0·65, 11·19 | 0·88 | 0·34, 2·29 |
| Overweight | 0·46 | 0·24, 0·88 | 1·53 | 0·48, 4·87 | 1·62 | 0·16, 5·28 | 0·26 | 0·07, 0·92 |
| Obesity | 0·30 | 0·08, 1·17 | 0·62 | 0·02, 16·67 | 0·71 | 0·21, 2·49 | 0·87 | 0·13, 5·82 |
| Normal weight | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Mother’s inflammation status | ||||||||
| Present | 2·02 | 1·23, 3·32 | 2·25 | 3·19, 7·05 | 5·7 | 1·22, 16·98 | n/s | |
| Absent | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | – | – |
| Consumed protein foods | ||||||||
| ≤4 pieces/week | 1·16 | 0·75, 1·80 | n/s | n/s | 2·54 | 1·29, 5·01 | ||
| >4 pieces/week | 1·00 | Ref. | – | – | – | – | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Mother’s ID | ||||||||
| Present | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1·60 | 1·13, 4·30 |
| Absent | n/s | n/s | n/s | 1·00 | Ref. | |||
| Household characteristics | ||||||||
| Household ethnicity | ||||||||
| Boo | n/s | 3·01 | 1·85, 10·67 | 3·08 | 0·89, 10·68 | 0·25 | 0·11, 0·59 | |
| Peulh | – | – | 2·69 | 0·78, 9·29 | 2·69 | 0·85, 8·50 | 0·82 | 0·39, 1·72 |
| Boko | – | – | 0·82 | 0·16, 4·25 | 0·44 | 0·05, 3·91 | 0·14 | 0·03, 0·67 |
| Bariba | – | – | 0·68 | 0·14, 3·36 | 0·24 | 0·03, 1·95 | 0·27 | 0·08, 0·89 |
| Gando | – | – | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Fruits and vegetables consumption | ||||||||
| Never | 1·02 | 0·47, 2·24 | 1·27 | 0·35, 4·60 | 1·81 | 0·46, 7·10 | 2·72 | 1·09, 9·65 |
| Several times per month | 1·16 | 0·65, 2·06 | 4·12 | 1·32, 3·86 | 3·43 | 1·92, 12·78 | 1·81 | 0·77, 4·24 |
| Once or twice per week | 1·45 | 0·81, 2·55 | 1·20 | 1·03, 4·12 | 0·50 | 0·09, 2·86 | 1·52 | 0·63, 3·70 |
| Almost every day | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Group membership | ||||||||
| NWG | 0·99 | 0·64, 1·55 | 0·97 | 0·39, 2·37 | 0·42 | 0·16, 1·13 | n/s | |
| WG | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | – | – |
| Household size | ||||||||
| ≥5 persons | 1·15 | 0·68, 1·92 | n/s | 4·02 | 1·91, 17·69 | n/s | ||
| 2–4 persons | 1·00 | Ref. | – | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – | – |
| Socio-economic status | ||||||||
| Poorest | 1·79 | 1·01, 3·20 | 1·18 | 0·35, 4·06 | 1·30 | 0·34, 4·91 | 1·84 | 0·72, 4·73 |
| Poor | 1·25 | 0·69, 2·25 | 0·49 | 0·12, 1·95 | 0·93 | 0·21, 4·04 | 1·58 | 0·61, 4·07 |
| Intermediate | 1·15 | 0·64, 2·06 | 0·53 | 0·13, 2·21 | 0·74 | 0·15, 3·61 | 1·13 | 0·44, 2·91 |
| Wealthiest | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Latrine | ||||||||
| No | n/s | 2·68 | 1·45, 7·26 | 1·08 | 0·27, 4·34 | n/s | ||
| Yes | – | – | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | – | – |
| Radio news | ||||||||
| ≥3 d/week | n/s | 2·12 | 1·24, 9·95 | 1·27 | 0·51, 3·18 | 1·40 | 1·18, 4·07 | |
| >3 d/week | – | – | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. |
ID, Fe deficiency; IDA, Fe-deficiency anaemia; VAD, vitamin A deficiency; AOR, adjusted OR; NWG, non-women’s group; WG, women’s group; ref., reference category; n/s, not retained in model.
*
Twenty-five independent variables were initially entered into each logistic regression equation. Variables with a P value >0·2 were eliminated from the model (n/s). The reported AOR are adjusted for the independent variables remaining in the equation. Bold font indicates a statistically significant association.