Table 1.
Identified instruments according to criteria. Instruments which meet both criteria are shaded
| Study | Countries | Instrument(s) | Validated | >2 countries/country range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adults | ||||
| Baldini et al. ( 54 ) | 2 (Italy, Spain) | FFQ | X( 53 ) | |
| Baltic project( 55 ) | 3 (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) | 24-HDR | ||
| Standardised questionnaire | ||||
| Behanova et al. ( 56 ) | 2 (Slovakia, Netherlands) | FFQ | ||
| CNSHS( 57 , 58 ) | 4 (Germany, Denmark, Poland, Bulgaria) | FFQ | X | |
| ECRHS( 59 ) | 3 (Germany, UK, Norway) | FFQ (based on EPIC-UK and EPIC-Germany FFQ) | X( 59 ) | |
| EHBS( 60 ) | 21 in total | FFQ | X | |
| 17 European countries (Austria, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Scotland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland) | ||||
| ENERGY( 27 ) | 7 (Belgium, Greece, Hungary, Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, Spain) | FFQ | X( 28 ) | X |
| EPIC( 18 , 28 , 29 , 61 , 62 ) | 10 (Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, France, Greece, Norway, England) | 24-HDR (EPIC-SOFT) | X( 63 ) | X |
| ESCAREL( 64 ) | 7 (France, Spain, Italy, UK, Finland, Latvia, Estonia) | FFQ | X | |
| Esteve et al. ( 65 ) | 4 (Spain, Italy, Switzerland, France) | Dietary questionnaire | ||
| Finbalt Health Monitor( 66 ) | 4 (Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania) | FFQ | ||
| Finnish and Russian Karelia study( 67 ) (2002 study) | 2 (Russia, Finland) | FFQ | ||
| Food4Me( 51 , 53 ) | 7 (Ireland, Netherlands Spain, Greece, UK, Poland, Germany) | FFQ (web-based) | X( 52 , 53 ) | X |
| ‘Food in later life’ project( 68 ) | 8 (Denmark, Germany, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, UK) | 7 d non-weighed food diaries | X | |
| Galanti et al. ( 69 ) | 2 (Sweden, Norway) | FFQ | ||
| North/South Food Consumption Survey( 45 , 81 ) | 2 (Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland) | 7 d record | ||
| HAPIEE( 70 )* | 3 (Russia, Poland, Czech Republic) | FFQ | X( 126 , 127 ) | |
| HTT( 71 ) | 9 (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine) | FFQ | ||
| Hupkens et al. ( 72 ) | 3 (Belgium, Netherlands, Germany) | FFQ | X( 128 ) | |
| I.Family Project( 50 , 73 , 74 ) | 8 (Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden) | Diet questionnaire (FFQ) which was included as part of the parent questionnaire | X | |
| Online 24-HDR (SACANA) | ||||
| IHBS( 75 ) | 17 (Austria, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Scotland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland) | FFQ | X | |
| IMMIDIET( 76 ) | 3 (Italy, Belgium, England) | EPIC-Italian FFQ | X( 39 , 129 ) | |
| EPIC-UK FFQ | ||||
| Specifically developed Belgian FFQ | ||||
| Kolarzyk et al. ( 48 ) | 4 (Poland, Belarus, Russia, Lithuania) | FFQ | X | |
| LiVicordia( 77 ) | 2 (Lithuania, Sweden) | 24-HDR | ||
| LLH( 71 ) | 8 (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine) | FFQ | ||
| MEDIS( 78 ) | 2 (Cyprus, Greece) | FFQ | X( 138 ) | |
| MGSD( 79 ) | 6 (Greece, Italy, Algeria, Bulgaria, Egypt, Yugoslavia (only diabetics in Yugoslavia)) | Dietary history method using questionnaire | X( 79 ) | |
| NORBAGREEN( 41 , 80 ) | 8 (Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Iceland) | FFQ | X( 80 ) | |
| O’Neill et al. ( 82 ) | 5 (UK, Republic of Ireland, Spain, France, Netherlands) | FFQ | X | |
| Parfitt et al. ( 83 ) | 2 (England, Italy) | 5–7 d record | ||
| PRIME( 84 ) | 2 (Northern Ireland, France) | FFQ | X | |
| PRO GREENS( 85 ) | 10 (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Finland) | A pre-coded 24-HDR, FFQ (parents) | X | |
| Pro-Children study( 42 , 86 , 87 ) | 9 (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden) | A pre-coded 24-HDR, FFQ (parents) | X( 130 ) | X |
| Rylander et al. ( 88 ) | 2 (Sweden, Switzerland) | FFQ | ||
| SENECA( 43 , 44 , 89 , 90 ) | 12 (Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland) | Modified dietary history method comprising a 3 d estimated record and meal-based frequency checklist | X( 89 ) | X |
| Seven Countries Study( 4 , 91 , 92 ) | 7 (Netherlands, Finland, Yugoslavia, Japan, Italy, Greece, USA) | Cross-check dietary history method | X( 131 ) | X |
| European cohorts (n 14) used 7 d records at baseline | ||||
| Terry et al. ( 93 ) | 6 (Germany, France, Canada, Sweden, Australia, USA) | FFQ | ||
| Tessier et al. ( 94 ) | 2 (Malta, Italy) | Open-ended qualitative questionnaire | ||
| ToyBox( 95 – 106 ) | 6 (Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain) | Primary caregiver’s FFQ (PCQ) | X( 100 ) | X |
| Van Diepen et al. ( 107 ) | 2 (Greece, the Netherlands) | 2× consecutive 24-HDR | ||
| WHO-MONICA EC/MONICA Project optional nutrition study( 46 , 108 ) | 9 (Northern Ireland, UK (Cardiff), Denmark, Finland, Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Spain) | 3 d record and 7-d record. One centre used 3× 24-HDR | X | |
| Adolescents | ||||
| Gerrits et al. ( 109 ) | 3 (Netherlands, Hungary, USA) | FFQ | ||
| HBSC( 31 , 110 ) | 37 (England, Norway, Macedonia, Iceland, Netherlands, Portugal, Wales, Italy, Sweden, Latvia, Switzerland, Denmark, Estonia, Scotland, Slovenia, Ukraine, Belgium, Finland, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Germany, Greenland, Russia, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Spain, France, Romania, Turkey, Czech Republic, Ireland, Luxembourg, Slovakia) | FFQ | X( 132 ) | X |
| HELENA( 32 – 36 , 47 , 111 , 112 ) | 9 (Greece, Germany, Belgium, France, Hungary, Italy, Sweden, Austria, Spain) | 24-HDR HELENA-DIAT (Dietary Assessment Tool) | X( 34 , 35 ) | X |
| 8 countries included for 24-HDR (as above, except Hungary) | Online FFQ | |||
| 5 (Austria, Belgium, Greece, Sweden, Germany) pilot-tested the online FFQ | ||||
| Larsson et al. ( 113 ) | 2 (Sweden, Norway) | FFQ | ||
| Szczepanska et al. ( 114 ) | 2 (Poland, Czech Republic) | FFQ | ||
| TEMPEST( 115 ) | 4 (Netherlands, Poland, UK, Portugal) | FFQ | X | |
| Children | ||||
| Antova et al. ( 116 ) | 6 (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia) | FFQ | ||
| ENERGY( 27 ) | 7 (Belgium, Greece, Hungary, Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, Spain) | Questionnaire with FFQ and 24-HDR | X( 133 ) | X |
| EYHS( 30 , 117 ) | 4 (Denmark, Portugal, Estonia, Norway) | 24-HDR, qualitative food record | X† | |
| IDEFICS( 37 , 38 , 135 , 139 , 140 , 145 ) | 8 (Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden) | CEHQ-FFQ | X( 35 , 38 , 134 , 135 , 140 , 145 ) | X |
| SACINA 24-HDR( 50 ) | ||||
| I.Family Project( 50 ) | 8 (Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Germany Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden) | Diet Questionnaire (FFQ) as part of children’s questionnaire | X* | X |
| Online 24-HDR (SACANA) | ||||
| ISAAC Phase II( 40 , 120 ) | 15 (Albania, France, Estonia, Germany, Georgia, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, UK) | FFQ* | X | |
| PRO GREENS( 85 ) | 10 (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Finland) | A pre-coded 24-HDR, FFQ | X | |
| Pro-Children study( 42 , 86 , 87 ) | 9 (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden) | A pre-coded 24-HDR, FFQ | X( 42 , 136 ) | X |
| ToyBox( 95 – 106 ) | 6 (Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain) | Children’s FFQ | X( 137 )‡ | X |
CNSHS, Cross National Student Health Survey; ECRHS, European Community Respiratory Health Survey; EHBS, European Health and Behaviour Survey; ENERGY, EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; ESCAREL, European Study in Non Carious Cervical Lesions; HAPIEE, Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors in Eastern Europe; HTT, Health in Times of Transition; IHBS, International Health and Behaviour Survey; LLH, Living Conditions, Lifestyles and Health; MEDIS, MEDiterranean Islands Study; MGSD, Mediterranean Group for the Study of Diabetes; PRIME, Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction; SENECA, Survey in Europe on Nutrition and the Elderly; a Concerted Action; MONICA, Multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease; HBSC, Health Behaviour in School-aged Children; HELENA, Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence; TEMPEST, ‘Temptations to Eat Moderated by Personal and Environmental Self-regulatory Tools’; EYHS, European Youth Heart Study; IDEFICS, Identification and prevention of Dietary- and lifestyle-induced health EFfects In Children and infantS; ISAAC, International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood; 24-HDR, 24h recall; PCQ, Primary Caregiver’s Questionnaire; CEHQ, Children’s Eating Habits Questionnaire.
Based on the IDEFICS instruments which were validated.
24-HDR and qualitative 1 d food record method has been validated but not as part of the EYHS.
The reliability study on the FFQ is unpublished.