. 2016 Sep 14;20(3):417–448. doi: 10.1017/S1368980016002366

Table 2.

Summary of the included studies: design, population studied, dietary assessment instruments used and details of validation and/or reproducibility. Studies selected according to the two criteria are shaded. Where validation or reliability data was not available for fruit and vegetables specifically, this is highlighted in bold font

Study	Design	Population	Countries	Instrument(s)	Validation	Reproducibility
Adults
Baldini et al. ⁽ ⁵⁴ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults/students (n 210) Age range NR	2 (Italy, Spain)	FFQ	Based on the Willett FFQ Validated against diet records⁽ ¹²⁴ ⁾ No validation data for F&V	No details^‡
Baltic project⁽ ⁵⁵ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults (n 4571) 19–65 years	3 (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia)	24-HDR Standardised questionnaire	No details^‡	No details^‡
Behanova et al. ⁽ ⁵⁶ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults (n 210) 19–64 years	2 (Slovakia, Netherlands)	FFQ^†	No details^‡	No details^‡
CNSHS⁽ ⁵⁷ ^, ⁵⁸ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults/students (n 2651) Age range NR	4 (Germany, Denmark, Poland, Bulgaria)	FFQ	No test of validity was performed, but the questionnaire was similar to other FFQ that have been validated
ECRHS⁽ ⁵⁹ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults (n 1174) 30–70 years	3 (Germany, UK, Norway)	FFQ (based on EPIC-UK and EPIC-Germany FFQ)	German and UK FFQ validated against 24-HDR⁽ ¹²⁵ ^, ¹⁴¹ ⁾ The Norwegian FFQ was not assessed for repeatability or validity	Reproducibility of German FFQ obtained by a repeated administration of the FFQ at a 6-month interval⁽ ¹²⁵ ⁾. Repeatability of the UK FFQ using two assessments separated by an interval of 5–23 months⁽ ⁵⁹ ⁾
EHBS⁽ ⁶⁰ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults/students (n 7115) 17–30 years	21 in total 17 European countries (Austria, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Scotland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland)	FFQ^†	No details^‡	Reliability of the measures are described⁽ ¹⁴² ⁾ but no reliability data on F&V
ENERGY⁽ ²⁷ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults/parents or guardians (n 6002) Age range NR	7 (Belgium, Greece, Hungary, Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, Spain)	FFQ^†	No details^‡	The reliability and content validity of the parent questionnaires were tested separately in all participating countries, in five schools per country using approximately fifty parents per country for the reliability study and twenty parents for the construct validity study (unpublished results)
EPIC⁽ ¹⁸ ^, ²⁸ ^, ²⁹ ^, ⁶¹ ^– ⁶³ ⁾	Cohort	Adults (n 519 978) 30–70 years	10 (Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Germany, Sweden (Malmo)/Sweden (Umea), Denmark, France, Greece, Norway, England)	FFQ^†, 24-HDR (EPIC-SOFT)	EPIC-SOFT was validated against biomarkers for F&V consumption⁽ ⁶³ ⁾ Assessed by crude correlations Weak to moderate association between biomarkers and F&V intake	No details^‡
ESCAREL⁽ ⁶⁴ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults (n 3187) 18–35 years	7 (France, Spain, Italy, UK, Finland, Latvia, Estonia)	FFQ^†	Bartlett et al.⁽ ⁶⁴ ⁾ report that all questionnaires were validated in pilot studies No reference or data available
Esteve et al. ⁽ ⁶⁵ ⁾	Case–control	Adults/controls (n 3057) Age range NR	4 (Spain, Italy, Switzerland, France)	Dietary questionnaire	No details^‡	No details^‡
Finbalt Health Monitor⁽ ⁶⁶ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults (n 25 044) 20–64 years	4 (Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania)	FFQ^†	No details^‡	No details^‡
Finnish and Russian Karelia study⁽ ⁶⁷ ⁾ (2002 study)	Cross-sectional	Adults (n 1201) 25–64 years	2 (Russia, Finland)	FFQ^†	No details^‡	No details^‡
‘Food in later life project’⁽ ⁶⁸ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults (n 644) 65–98 years	8 (Denmark, Germany, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, UK)	7 d non-weighed food diaries	No details^‡	No details^‡
Food4Me⁽ ⁵¹ ^– ⁵³ ⁾	Randomised controlled trial	Adults (n 5562) 17–79 years	7 (Ireland, Netherlands, Spain, Greece, UK, Poland, Germany)	FFQ (web-based)	Validated against 4 d non-consecutive weighed records⁽ ⁵³ ⁾ and by comparing with the validated EPIC-Norfolk FFQ⁽ ⁵² ⁾ Assessed by crude correlations, energy-adjusted correlations, and mean or median differences in F&V consumption Moderate agreement with 4 d weighed food record	Interval: 4 weeks⁽ ⁵³ ⁾ Assessed by correlations Reproducible for nutrient and food group intake
Galanti et al. ⁽ ⁶⁹ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults (n 440)	2 (Sweden, Norway)	FFQ^†	No details^‡	No details^‡
HAPIEE⁽ ⁷⁰ ⁾*	Cross-sectional	Adults (n 28 947)	3 (Russia, Poland, Czech Republic)	FFQ^†	Based on the Whitehall II questionnaire. Validated against a 7 d diet diary and biomarkers of nutrient intake by Brunner et al. ⁽ ¹²⁶ ⁾. Whitehall II questionnaire was originally developed by Willett et al. ⁽ ¹²⁷ ⁾ Assessed by energy-adjusted correlations, mean or median differences, and exact level of agreement. Good correlation of intakes estimated by FFQ with biomarkers Overestimation of vitamin C and carotenes by FFQ relative to 7 d diet diary	No details^‡
HTT⁽ ⁷¹ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults (n 18 000)	9 (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine)	FFQ^†	No details^‡	No details^‡
Hupkens et al. ⁽ ⁷² ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults/women (n 849)	3 (Belgium, Netherlands, Germany)	FFQ^† (based on Netherlands Cohort Study FFQ)	Validated using diet records⁽ ¹²⁸ ⁾ Assessed by crude correlations, mean or median differences FFQ can rank individuals according to food groups and nutrient intake	No details^‡
I.Family Project⁽ ⁵⁰ ^, ⁷³ ^, ⁷⁴ ⁾	Prospective cohort study (successor of IDEFICS study)	Adults/parents (n>7000)	8 (Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Germany Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden)	Diet questionnaire as part of the parent questionnaire Online 24-HDR (SACANA)	Similar to validated instruments used in the IDEFICS project	No details^‡
IHBS⁽ ⁷⁵ ⁾	Cross-national	Adults (n 17 246)	17 (Austria, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Scotland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland)	FFQ^†	No details^‡	No details^‡
IMMIDIET⁽ ⁷⁶ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults (n 802)	3 (Italy, Belgium, England)	EPIC-Italian FFQ^† EPIC-UK FFQ^† Specifically developed Belgian FFQ	Based on EPIC UK and Italian FFQ which have been validated using weighed diet records⁽ ¹⁴¹ ⁾, biomarkers⁽ ¹⁴¹ ^, ¹⁴³ ⁾ and 24-HDR⁽ ¹⁴³ ⁾. Belgian FFQ validated using 7 d diet records and 24-HDR⁽ ³⁹ ^, ¹²⁹ ⁾ Assessed by energy-adjusted correlations, de-attenuated correlation coefficients, and mean or median differences Generally good correlation between FFQ and diet records	No details^‡
Kolarzyk et al. ⁽ ⁴⁸ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults/students (n 1517)	4 (Poland, Belarus, Russia, Lithuania)	FFQ^†	Validated and recommended by the National Food and Nutrition Institute in Warsaw, Poland⁽ ⁴⁹ ⁾	No details^‡
LiVicordia⁽ ⁷⁷ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults/men (n 150)	2 (Lithuania, Sweden)	24-HDR	No details^‡	No details^‡
LLH⁽ ⁷¹ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults (n 18 428)	8 (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine)	FFQ	No details^‡	No details^‡
MEDIS⁽ ⁷⁸ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults/elderly (n 1190)	2 (Cyprus, Greece)	FFQ	Validated using diet records⁽ ¹³⁸ ⁾ Assessed by crude correlations, mean or median differences and exact level of agreement Moderate agreement for fruit and low agreement for vegetables	Interval: 10–30 d⁽ ¹³⁸ ⁾ Reproducibility of FFQ is fair
MGSD⁽ ⁷⁹ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults (n 4254) Non-diabetics (n 1833)	6 (Greece, Italy, Algeria, Bulgaria, Egypt, Yugoslavia (only diabetics in Yugoslavia))	Dietary history method using questionnaire^†	Validated using diet records⁽ ⁷⁹ ⁾	No details^‡
NORBAGREEN⁽ ⁴¹ ^, ⁸⁰ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults and adolescents (n 8397)	8 (Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Iceland)	FFQ^†	Validated using 3 d diet records in Finland and four 24-HDR in Lithuania⁽ ⁸⁰ ⁾ Assessed by crude correlations, mean or median differences, and exact level of agreement FFQ is valid to rank individuals according to F&V intake	Interval: 6–8 months⁽ ⁸⁰ ⁾ Provides reproducible estimates of food group intake
North/South Food Consumption Survey⁽ ⁴⁵ ^, ⁸¹ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults (n 1379)	2 (Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland)	7 d record	No details^‡	No details^‡
O’Neill et al. ⁽ ⁸² ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults (n 400)	5 (UK, Republic of Ireland, Spain, France, Netherlands)	FFQ^†	No details^‡	No details^‡
Parfitt et al. ⁽ ⁸³ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults/students (n 48)	2 (England, Italy)	5–7 d record	No details^‡	No details^‡
PRIME⁽ ⁸⁴ ⁾	Cohort	Adults (n 8087 used for present study)	2 (Northern Ireland, France)	FFQ	Not validated against another dietary assessment method. A correlation analysis between the frequency of fruit and/or vegetable intake and plasma vitamins was performed in 100 men to assess the ability of the questionnaire to discriminate large v. small consumers of fruits and vegetables⁽ ⁸⁴ ⁾	No details^‡
PRO GREENS⁽ ⁸⁵ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults/parents	10 (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Finland)	A pre-coded 24-HDR^†, FFQ^†	No details^‡	No details^‡
Pro-Children study⁽ ⁴² ^, ⁸⁶ ^, ⁸⁷ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults/parents Number NR	9 (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway Portugal, Spain, Sweden)	A pre-coded 24-HDR^†, FFQ^†	Validated using 7 d diet records (1 d weighed record and 6 d record using household measures)⁽ ¹³⁰ ⁾ Assessed by crude correlations, mean or median differences, and exact level of agreement FFQ valid for ranking adults according to usual intake	No details^‡
Rylander et al. ⁽ ⁸⁸ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults/women (n 6785)	2 (Sweden, Switzerland)	FFQ	No details^‡	No details^‡
SENECA⁽ ⁴³ ^, ⁴⁴ ^, ⁸⁹ ^, ⁹⁰ ⁾	Mixed design (longitudinal and cross-sectional)	Adults/elderly (n≈2600) 70–75 years	12 (Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland)	Modified dietary history method comprising a 3 d estimated record and meal-based frequency checklist	Validated against a 3 d weighed record⁽ ⁸⁹ ⁾ No validation data for F&V	No details^‡
Seven Countries Study⁽ ⁴ ^, ⁹¹ ^, ⁹² ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults/men (n 12 763 (enrolled)) 40–59 years (at enrolment)	7 (Netherlands, Finland, Yugoslavia, Japan, Italy, Greece, USA)	Cross-check dietary history method European cohorts (n 14) used 7 d records at baseline	No details^‡	Interval: 3 and 12 months after the initial surveys⁽ ¹⁰⁴ ⁾ Small differences in reproducibility estimates
Terry et al. ⁽ ⁹³ ⁾	Case–control	Adults/controls (n 2486) 20–82 years	6 (Germany, France, Canada, Sweden, Australia, USA)	FFQ	No details^‡	No details^‡
Tessier et al. ⁽ ⁹⁴ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults/women (n 123 mother/daughter pairs) 50–91 years 22–60 years	2 (Malta, Italy)	Open-ended qualitative questionnaire^†	No details^‡	No details^‡
ToyBox⁽ ⁹⁵ ^– ¹⁰⁶ ⁾	Intervention multifactorial study	Adults/parents Number NR Age range NR	6 (Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain)	Primary caregiver’s FFQ (PCQ)^†	No details^‡	Test–retest reliability of the PCQ was assessed after 2-week interval⁽ ¹¹² ⁾ No data for F&V
Van Diepen et al.⁽ ¹⁰⁷ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults/students (n 185) Age range NR	2 (Greece, Netherlands)	2×consecutive 24-HDR	No details^‡	No details^‡
WHO-MONICA EC/MONICA Project optional nutrition study⁽ ⁴⁶ ^, ¹⁰⁸ ^, ¹²³ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adults (n 7226) 45–64 years	9 (Northern Ireland, UK (Cardiff), Denmark, Finland, Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Spain)	3 d record and 7 d record One centre used 3×24-HDR	No details^‡	No details^‡
Adolescents
Gerrits et al. ⁽ ¹⁰⁹ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adolescents (n 537) 14–19 years	3 (Netherlands, Hungary, USA)	FFQ	No details^‡	No details^‡
HBSC⁽ ³¹ ^, ¹¹⁰ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adolescents (n 209 320) 11-, 13- and 15-year-olds	37 (England, Norway, Macedonia, Iceland, Netherlands, Portugal, Wales, Italy, Sweden, Latvia, Switzerland, Denmark, Estonia, Scotland, Slovenia, Ukraine, Belgium, Finland, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Germany, Greenland, Russia, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Spain, France, Romania, Turkey, Czech Republic, Ireland, Luxembourg, Slovakia)	FFQ^†	Validated using 24 h food behaviour checklist and a 7 d food diary⁽ ¹³² ⁾ Assessed by crude correlations, energy-adjusted correlations, and mean or median differences in F&V consumption Good agreement but overestimation of intakes by FFQ v. 7 d diary	Interval: 7–15 d⁽ ¹²³ ⁾ Provides reproducible estimates of food group intake
HELENA⁽ ³² ^– ³⁶ ^, ⁵⁰ ^, ¹¹¹ ^, ¹¹² ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adolescents (n 3000) 13–17 years	9 (Greece, Germany, Belgium, France, Hungary, Italy, Sweden, Austria, Spain) 8 countries included for 24-HDR (as above, except Hungary) Only Belgium tested the online FFQ 5 (Austria, Belgium, Greece, Sweden, Germany) pilot-tested the online FFQ	24-HDR HELENA-DIAT (Dietary Assessment Tool)^†Online FFQ	YANA-C validated using food records and 24 h dietary recall interviews⁽ ³⁵ ⁾Assessed by crude correlations and median or mean differences Good agreement between intakes assessed by 24-HDR administered by self-report and interview Validated using four computerised 24-HDR⁽ ³⁵ ^, ¹²¹ ⁾ Overestimation for vegetables	Interval: 1–2 weeksHELENA FFQ has adequate reliability
Larsson et al. ⁽ ¹¹³ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adolescents (n 2041) Age range NR	2 (Sweden, Norway)	FFQ^†	No details^‡	No details^‡
Szczepanska et al. ⁽ ¹¹⁴ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adolescents (n 404) Age range NR	2 (Poland, Czech Republic)	FFQ^†	No details^‡	No details^‡
TEMPEST⁽ ¹¹⁵ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Adolescents (n 2764) 12–17 years	4 (Netherlands, Poland, UK, Portugal)	FFQ^†	No details^‡	No details^‡
I.Family Project⁽ ⁵⁰ ^, ⁷³ ^, ⁷⁴ ⁾	Prospective cohort study (successor of IDEFICS study)	Adolescents (n >9000 children of IDEFICs study and their siblings) 12–17 years	8 (Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Germany Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden)	Diet questionnaire as part of the parent questionnaire Online 24-HDR (SACANA)	Instruments are similar to validated instruments used in the IDEFICS project	No details^‡
Children
Antova et al. ⁽ ¹¹⁶ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Children (n 20 271) 7–11 years	6 (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia)	FFQ^†	No details^‡	No details^‡
ENERGY⁽ ²⁷ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Children (n 7234) 10–12 years	7 (Belgium, Greece, Hungary, Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, Spain)	Questionnaire with FFQ and 24-HDR^†	No details^‡	The reliability and content validity of the child questionnaires were tested separately in all participating countries⁽ ¹⁴³ ⁾ Reliability tested using a test–retest design was used by comparing data from two completions of the questionnaire conducted 1 week apart⁽ ¹³⁰ ⁾ No reliability data for F&V
EYHS⁽ ³⁰ ^, ¹¹⁷ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Children (n≈4000) 9 and 15 years	4 (Denmark, Portugal, Estonia, Norway) (sourced study involves only Sweden)	24-HDR, qualitative food record	Children’s ability to recall what they consumed during a 24 h period was compared with observational data collected during the same period⁽ ¹⁴⁴ ⁾ Not conducted among European population	No details^‡
IDEFICS⁽ ³⁷ ^, ³⁸ ^, ¹¹⁸ ^, ¹¹⁹ ⁾	Prospective cohort study with an embedded intervention	Children (n 16 224) 2–9 years	8 (Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Germany Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden)	CEHQ-FFQ^† SACINA 24-HDR^† ⁽ ⁵⁰ ⁾	Validity was assessed using biomarkers⁽ ¹⁴⁰ ⁾ and 24-HDR⁽ ³⁸ ⁾. No biomarker validation data for F&V Assessed against 24-HDR by crude correlations, de-attenuated correlation coefficients, mean or median differences, and exact level of agreement Association between FFQ and 24-HDR varied by food group and age. Low agreement of FFQ with 24-HDR High relative validity between FFQ and 24-HDR. FFQ can reliably estimate food group intake among Spanish children SACINA is based on the YANA-C instrument validated as part of the HELENA study⁽ ³⁵ ^, ¹³⁵ ⁾. SACINA was validated using the doubly labelled water technique⁽ ¹³⁴ ⁾. No validation data on F&V	Interval: 0–354 d (no fixed time period)⁽ ¹⁴⁵ ⁾ CEHQ-FFQ provides reproducible estimates of food group intake
I.Family Project⁽ ⁵⁰ ^, ⁷³ ^, ⁷⁴ ⁾	Prospective cohort study (successor of IDEFICS study)	Children (n >9000 children of IDEFICS study and their siblings) 2–11 years	8 (Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Germany Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden)	Diet Questionnaire (FFQ) as part of the children’s questionnaire Online 24-HDR (SACANA)	Instruments are similar to validated instruments used as part of the IDEFICS project	No details^‡
ISAAC Phase II⁽ ⁴⁰ ^, ¹²⁰ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Children (n ≈63 000 including international countries) 8–12 years	15 (Albania, France, Estonia, Germany, Georgia, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, UK)	FFQ^†	No details^‡	No details^‡
PRO GREENS⁽ ⁸⁵ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Children (n 8159) 11 years	10 (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Finland)	A pre-coded 24-HDR^†, FFQ^†	Validity of 24-HDR and FFQ was tested in 4 countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Portugal) using a 1 d weighed food record and 7 d food records Assessed by crude correlations, mean or median differences, and exact level of agreement FFQ: Moderately good ranking of F&V food groups in 4 countries 24-HDR: Valid estimates for fruit in 3 countries (exception Portugal) Valid estimates for vegetables in 2 countries (exception Iceland and Norway)	Assessed in 6 countries (Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Portugal, Spain) Interval: 7–12 d⁽ ⁴² ⁾ Good reproducibility for FFQ Test–retest reliability carried out in 5 countries (Norway, Spain, Denmark, Portugal, Belgium) with a 1-week interval⁽ ¹³⁶ ⁾ No information on F&V intake
Pro-Children study⁽ ⁴² ^, ⁸⁶ ^, ⁸⁷ ⁾	Cross-sectional	Children (n 15 404) 11 years	9 (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway Portugal, Spain, Sweden)	A pre-coded 24-HDR^†, FFQ^†	As per PRO-GREENS⁽ ⁴² ^, ¹³⁶ ⁾	As per PRO-GREENS⁽ ⁴² ^, ¹³⁶ ⁾
ToyBox⁽ ⁹⁵ ^– ¹⁰⁶ ⁾	Intervention multifactorial study	Children (n 5472) 3·5–5·5 years	6 (Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain)	Children’s FFQ^†	Validated using estimated 3 d diet records⁽ ¹³⁷ ⁾ Assessed by crude correlations, de-attenuated correlation coefficients, mean or median differences, and exact level of agreement Moderate relative validity between FFQ and diet records	Interval: at least 5 weeks⁽ ¹³⁷ ⁾ FFQ provides reproducible estimates of food group intake

CNSHS, Cross National Student Health Survey; ECRHS, European Community Respiratory Health Survey; EHBS, European Health and Behaviour Survey; ENERGY, EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; ESCAREL, European Study in Non Carious Cervical Lesions; HAPIEE, Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors in Eastern Europe; HTT, Health in Times of Transition; IHBS, International Health and Behaviour Survey; LLH, Living Conditions, Lifestyles and Health; MEDIS, MEDiterranean Islands Study; MGSD, Mediterranean Group for the Study of Diabetes; SENECA, Survey in Europe on Nutrition and the Elderly; a Concerted Action; MONICA, Multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease; HBSC, Health Behaviour in School-aged Children; HELENA, Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence; TEMPEST, ‘Temptations to Eat Moderated by Personal and Environmental Self-regulatory Tools’; EYHS, European Youth Heart Study; IDEFICS, Identification and prevention of Dietary- and lifestyle-induced health EFfects In Children and infantS; ISAAC, International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood; NR, not reported; 24-HDR, 24 h recall; PCQ, Primary Caregiver’s Questionnaire; F&V, fruit and vegetables; YANA-C, Young Adolescents’ Nutrition Assessment on Computer; CEHQ, Children’s Eating Habits Questionnaire.

Funded by the Wellcome Trust programme grant entitled ‘Determinants of Cardiovascular Diseases in Eastern Europe: A multi-centre cohort study’ (reference number 064947/Z/01/Z) and developed by Martin Bobak, Anne Peasey, Hynek Pikhart (UCL), Ruzena Kubinova, Lubomíra Milla Novosibirsk, Sofia Malyutina, Oksana Bragina (Prague), Andrzej Pajak, Aleksandra Gilis-Januszewska (Krakow).

^†

Original instrument obtained for review.

^‡

Validation or reproducibility of the instrument was not reported in the article and no reference to validation or reproducibility studies were provided.