Table 3.
Summary of the selected instruments which were validated (n 8) for assessment of fruit and vegetables
| Study/instrument | Design | Age group | Countries | Mode | Portion estimation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adults | |||||
| EPIC( 18 , 28 , 29 , 61 – 63 ) | Cohort | 30–70 years | 10 (Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Germany, Sweden (Malmo)/Sweden(Umea), Denmark, France, Greece, Norway, England) | Face-to-face interviewComputerised | X |
| EPIC-SOFT 24-HDR | |||||
| Food4Me( 51 – 53 ) | Randomised controlled trial | 17–79 years | 7 (Ireland, Netherlands, Spain, Greece, UK, Poland, Germany) | Self-admin. | X |
| Web-based FFQ | |||||
| Adolescents | |||||
| HBSC( 31 , 110 ) | Cross-sectional | 11-, 13- and 15-year-olds | 37 (England, Norway, Macedonia, Iceland, Netherlands, Portugal, Wales, Italy, Sweden, Latvia, Switzerland, Denmark, Estonia, Scotland, Slovenia, Ukraine, Belgium, Finland, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Germany, Greenland, Russia, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Spain, France, Romania, Turkey, Czech Republic, Ireland, Luxembourg, Slovakia) | Self-admin. | |
| FFQ | |||||
| HELENA( 32 – 36 , 50 , 111 , 112 ) | Cross-sectional | 13–17 years | 8 (Greece, Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, Sweden, Austria, Spain) | Self-admin.Computerised | X |
| 24-HDR | |||||
| HELENA-DIAT | |||||
| HELENA( 32 – 36 , 50 , 111 , 112 ) | 13–17 years | 5 (Austria, Belgium, Greece, Sweden, Germany) | Self-admin. | X | |
| Online FFQ | |||||
| Children | |||||
| IDEFICS( 37 , 118 , 119 ) | Prospective cohort study with an embedded intervention | 2–9 years | 8 (Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Germany Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden) | Self-admin. (parents) | |
| CEHQ-FFQ* | |||||
| Pro-Children study( 42 , 86 , 87 ) | Cross-sectional | 11 years | 9 (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway Portugal, Spain, Sweden) | Self-admin. | X |
| A pre-coded 24-HDR*, FFQ* | |||||
| ToyBox( 95 – 106 ) | Intervention multifactorial study | 3·5–5·5 years | 6 (Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain) | Self-admin. | X |
| Children’s FFQ* | |||||
EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; 24-HDR, 24 h recall; HBSC, Health Behaviour in School-aged Children; HELENA, Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence; IDEFICS, Identification and prevention of Dietary- and lifestyle-induced health EFfects In Children and infants; CEHQ, Children’s Eating Habits Questionnaire; self-admin., self-administered.
*
Original instrument obtained for review.