. 2016 Sep 14;20(3):417–448. doi: 10.1017/S1368980016002366

Table 4.

Summary of FFQ: instrument purpose and characteristics

Study	Type/no. of items	Purpose	Population	F&V items & classification	Reference period	Mode	Categories	Portion estimation
Adults
Baldini et al. ⁽ ⁵⁴ ⁾*	Semi-quantitative Sixty-one-item FFQ	Assess dietary habits Assess influence of lifestyle on energy balance and BMI	Adults/students Age range NR	Exact classification unknown^† Used Willett FFQ⁽ ¹²⁷ ⁾	Previous month	Self-admin.	Detailed record of food consumption, starting from breakfast and ending at bedtime 9 categories, ranging from ‘never’ to ‘6 or more times per day’	Yes Assessed separately Pictures of standard meal/food sizes Used natural units if possible A full description of usual serving size was provided for each item
Behanova et al. ⁽ ⁵⁶ ⁾*	Semi-quantitative General questionnaire	Determine prevalence of health-risk behaviours	Adults 19–64 years	Non-itemised Two items: ‘Portions of vegetables’ ‘Portions of fruits’ (including dried fruit, fruit juice)	NR	Self-admin.	Open-ended Subject to report a number of portions	Yes Assessed in-line Examples given for 1 portion, e.g. handful of dried fruit, heaped tablespoon of carrots
CNSHS⁽ ⁵⁷ ^, ⁵⁸ ⁾	Non-quantitative General questionnaire	Test association between food patterns and living arrangements⁽ ⁵⁷ ⁾ Test association between diet and stress/depressive symptoms⁽ ⁵⁸ ⁾	Adults/students Age range NR	Four items: ‘Fresh fruits’ ‘Raw vegetables’ ‘Cooked vegetables’ ‘Salads’	NR	Self-admin.	5 categories, ranging from ‘several times a day’ to ‘1–4 times a month’ and ‘never’	No
ENERGY⁽ ²⁷ ⁾*	Semi-quantitative General questionnaire	Determine prevalence of EBRB Identify personal, family and school environmental correlates of EBRB	Adults/caregivers Age range NR	One item: Fruit juices. ‘When we say fruit juices we mean the packed fruit juice and freshly blended juice at home (100 % fruit juice)’ Examples provided	Previous week Usual consumption on a day on which fruit juices are drunk	Self-admin.	7 categories per week 6 categories per day	Yes Assessed in-line Subject can select number of glasses/small cartons (250 ml) and regular cartons (330 ml) drank on a day of consumption
EHBS⁽ ⁶⁰ ⁾	Refer to IHBS	Test association between health locus of control and health behaviour	Refer to IHBS	One item: ‘Fruit consumption’	Refer to IHBS	Refer to IHBS	Refer to IHBS	Refer to IHBS
ESCAREL⁽ ⁶⁴ ⁾*	Non-quantitative Five-item FFQ within a general questionnaire	Assess the prevalence of tooth wear on buccal/facial and lingual/palatal tooth surfaces Identify related risk factors (i.e. fresh fruit and juice intake)	Adults18–35 years	Two items: ‘Fresh fruit, e.g. lemon, orange, apple, pear, grapes, mango, etc.’ ‘Fruit and vegetable juice, e.g. orange, apple, grape, pineapple, carrot, multivitamin, etc.’	NR	Self-admin.	4 categories: ‘often’, ‘rarely’, ‘never’ and ’don’t know’ For items ranked as ‘often’ a choice of 5 categories, ranging from ‘more than 3 times per week’ to ‘less than once per week’	No
Esteve et al. ⁽ ⁶⁵ ⁾	Semi-quantitative Dietary questionnaire	Test association between diet and cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx	Adults Age range NR	Exact classification unknown^† Seasonality of F&V assessed	12 months	Face-to-face interview	Structured by meals, i.e. breakfast, lunch, dinner, as well as early morning, mid-morning, mid-afternoon and late evening snacks	Yes Assessed separately Usual portion size estimated during interview. Method NR
Finbalt Health Monitor⁽ ⁶⁶ ⁾*	Non-quantitative Seventeen-item FFQ within general questionnaire	Assess gender differences in F&V consumption	Adults 20–64 years	Four items: ‘Fresh vegetables’ ‘Other vegetables’ ‘Fresh fruit/berries’ ‘Other fruit/berries’ Potatoes assessed separately	Previous week	Self-admin.	4 categories: ‘never’, ‘1–2 days’, ‘3–5 days’ and ‘6–7 days’	No
Food4Me⁽ ⁵¹ ^– ⁵³ ⁾‡	Semi-quantitative Web-based 157-item FFQ	Determine impact of personalised dietary advice on eating patterns and health outcomes	Adults 18–79 years		Previous month	Self-admin.	9 categories, ranging from ‘never or less than once a month’ to ‘5–6 times per day’ and ‘>6 times per day’	Yes 3 photographs representing small, medium and large portions Participants could select one of the following options: very small, small, small/medium, medium, medium/large, large or very large, which were linked electronically to portion sizes (in grams)
Galanti et al. ⁽ ⁶⁹ ⁾	Semi-quantitative Sixty-item FFQ (Norway) Fifty-six-item FFQ (Sweden)	Test association between diet and papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma	Adults 18–60+ years	Exact classification unknown^† Six items: ‘All vegetables’ ‘Vegetables, excluding cruciferous’ ‘Cruciferous vegetables’ ‘All fruit (piece)’ ‘Apple’ ‘Citrus fruit’	NR	Self-admin.	For foods which traditionally are consumed more often and for all beverages, average number of servings was requested, per day, week or month Less frequently consumed foods: 6 pre-coded frequencies, ranging from ‘never’ to ‘once a day or more often’	Yes Assessed in-line Asked to specify number of servings
HAPIEE⁽ ⁷⁰ ⁾*	Semi-quantitative Czech=136-item FFQ Russian=147-item FFQ Polish=148-item FFQ	Test association between socio-economic indicators and diet⁽ ¹⁴⁷ ⁾	Adults 45–69 years	As per generic FFQ (note: number of items differs slightly for each local adaption) Fifty-three items: Twenty-one items under ‘Fresh fruit’ ‘Tinned or bottled fruit’ Thirty-one items under ‘Vegetables’ (Pulses included) 1 fruit juice Potatoes assessed separately	Previous 3 months	Interview (Russia & Poland) Self-admin. (Czech Republic)	9 categories, ranging from ‘never’ to ‘six or more times per day’ Open-ended section where subjects could add any further foods not listed	Yes Assessed in-line A country-specific portion size for each food was specified Participants were asked how often, on average, they had consumed a ‘medium serving’ of the items – defined as about 100 g or 50 g depending on the food in question
HTT⁽ ⁷¹ ⁾*	Non-quantitative Ten-item FFQ within a general questionnaire	Identify factors associated with low consumption of F&V	Adults Age range NR	Two items: ‘Fresh fruit’ ‘Fresh vegetables (except for potatoes)’	Previous week	Face-to-face interview	4 categories, ranging from ‘daily/almost daily’ to ‘less than once a week’	No
Hupkens et al. ⁽ ⁷² ⁾	Semi-quantitative 150-item FFQ used for NCS	Test association between social class factors and fat and fibre consumption	Adults 55–69 years	Twenty-eight items: Thirteen boiled veg items Five raw veg items Seven fruit items Three juice items Potatoes assessed separately Vegetable seasonality assessed	12 months	Self-admin.	6 categories (veg), ranging from ‘never’ to ‘3 or 7 times per week’ 6 categories (fruit), ranging from ‘never’ to ‘6 or 7 times per week’ Open-ended section for foods not on the FFQ	NR
I.Family Project⁽ ⁵⁰ ⁾	Non-quantitative Sixty-item FFQ	Assess determinants of eating behaviour	Adults/parents No age range determined	Nine items: Four veg items (including legumes and potatoes) Two fruit items (fresh with or without sugar) One fruit juice item Nuts and dried fruits separately (two items) under ‘snacks’	Typical week over the previous month	Self-admin.	7 categories, ranging from ‘never/less than once a week’ to ‘4 or more times per day’	No
IHBS⁽ ⁷⁵ ⁾*	Non-quantitative Two-item FFQ within a general questionnaire	Test association between life satisfaction and health behaviours	Adults 17–30 years	One item: ‘Fruit’	NR	Self-admin.	5 categories, ranging from ‘never’ to ‘at least once every day’	No
IMMIDIET⁽ ³⁹ ^, ⁷⁶ ⁾	Semi-quantitative 322-item EPIC-Italy FFQ (as above) EPIC-UK FFQ (as above)	Identify determinants (diet, genetic) of risk of myocardial infarction⁽ ³⁹ ⁾ Determine role of dietary patterns in plasma and red blood cell fatty acids variation⁽ ⁷⁶ ⁾	Adults 26–65 years	Sixty-three items: Twenty-one cooked veg items Ten raw veg items Thirty-two fruit items (including fresh, tinned, dried) Potatoes and legumes assessed separately	12 months	Face-to-face interview Self-admin. in validity study⁽ ⁴⁰ ⁾	9 categories, ranging from ‘never/rarely’, ‘1–3 days/month’ to ‘1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days per week’	Yes Assessed separately Recorded as absolute weights or as household measurements Photo book to estimate small, average and large portions for spreads, bread spreads, and milk in coffee and tea
LLH⁽ ⁷¹ ⁾*	Non-quantitative Nine-item FFQ within a general questionnaire	Identify factors associated with low consumption of F&V	Adults Age range NR	Two items: ‘Fruit’ ‘Vegetables (except for potatoes’	Previous week	Face-to-face interview	4 categories, ranging from ‘extremely seldom’ to ‘daily’	No
NORBAGREEN⁽ ⁴¹ ^, ⁸⁰ ⁾*	Non-quantitative Fifty-six-item FFQ	Assess the frequency of consumption of vegetables, potatoes, fruit, bread and fish	Adults and adolescents 15–74 years	Thirty-nine items: Questions on global ‘Vegetables and roots’ and ‘Fruits and berries’ consumption (including pulses) Nineteen veg items Fourteen fruit items Four potato items Potatoes assessed separately	12 months	Using CATI in the Nordic countries and PAPI in the Baltic countries	Times per month, ranged from ‘<1 or not at all’ to ‘3’ Times per week, ranged from ‘1’ to ‘6’ Times per day, ranged from ‘1’ to ‘4 or more’	No
MGSD⁽ ⁷⁹ ⁾*	Semi-quantitative Dietary history questionnaire with seventy-eight items	Compare the nutritional habits among six Mediterranean countries and with official recommendations	Adults 35–60 years	Eleven items: Three ‘Cooked veg’ non-itemised questions, each with different veg group One ‘Raw veg’ item Two itemised veg (onions, garlic) Two ‘Cooked legumes’ items One ‘Fruit’ item One ‘Juice’ item One ‘Dried fruit’ item Potatoes assessed separately	NR	Face-to-face interview	Enter number per day or per week for pre-coded itemsOpen-ended section structured by seven meals, whereby subject enters the time, description, quantity, and whether food eaten at home or in a restaurant	Yes Assessed in-line 15 g or about 1 tablespoon 100 g or 1 cup (raw veg) 200 g or 1 cup (cooked veg A) 100 g or 1 cup (cooked veg B) 200 g or 1 cup (cooked veg C) 150 g (fruit) 200 g or 1 glass (juice) Assessed separately Household measures
O’Neill et al. ⁽ ⁸² ⁾*	Semi-quantitative 107-item FFQ	Determine and compare carotenoid intakes across European countries	Adults 25±45 years	Ninety-five items: Twenty-eight green veg items (including pulses) Seventeen red-orange vegetable items Seventeen white-yellowish coloured veg items (including potatoes) Twenty-seven individual fruit items Six F&V relevant items under ‘Other products’ (mainly tomato products and soups and orange juice)	Past 3–4 months	Self-admin.	If high frequency, range from 1 to 7 per week If low consumption frequency, 4 categories ranging from ‘never’ to ‘once per fortnight’	Yes Assessed separately Asked to quantify intake for each food item by tablespoons for vegetables and by large, small or medium in terms for fruit
PRIME⁽ ⁸⁴ ⁾	Non-quantitative No. of items NR	Assess relationship between F&V intake and CVD	Adults/men 50–59 years	Exact classification unknown^† ‘Citrus fruit’, ‘Other fruit’, ‘Raw vegetables’ ‘Baked vegetables’	NR	Self-admin.	7 categories, ranging from ‘never’ to ‘more than once per day’ (subject reports number per day)	Assessed in-line Frequency of consumption of a ‘standard portion’
Finnish and Russian Karelia study⁽ ¹⁴⁶ ⁾* (2002 survey)	Non-quantitative Forty-three-item FFQ (FINRISK) and two-item FFQ (Pitkaranta town) within a general questionnaire	Determine impact of socio-economic differences on consumption of F&V and berries	Adults 25–64 years	Finnish FFQ: Nine items: Six ‘Vegetables’ items (including pulses, potatoes) Three ‘Fruits/berries’ items Russian FFQ: Six items: Four ‘Vegetables’ items (including pulses, potatoes) Two ‘Fruits and berries’ items	12 months	Self-admin.	6 categories, ranging from ‘less than once a month’ to ‘once a day or more often’	No
Rylander et al. ⁽ ⁸⁸ ⁾	Non-quantitative Ninety-item FFQ	Test association of dietary habits and smoking status	Adults 35–65 years	Exact classification unknown^†	12 months	Self-admin.	10 categories, ranging from ‘never’ to ‘six or more times per day’	No
ToyBox Caregiver’s Questionnaire⁽ ⁹⁵ ^– ¹⁰⁶ ⁾*	Semi-quantitative. Five-item FFQ (drinking behaviour) and fourteen-item FFQ (snacking behaviour) within a general questionnaire	Measure the effectiveness of an intervention to prevent obesity	Adults/caregivers Age range NR	Three items: Drinking behaviour: Examples provided. ‘Fruit juice, home-made, freshly squeezed’ Snacking behaviour: ‘Fresh fruits’ ‘Vegetables’	12 months	Self-admin.	7 categories, ranging from ‘1–3 days per month’ to ‘every day’	Yes Assessed in-line Portion size specified for fruit juice as beaker=225 ml, 1 small plastic bottle =500 ml, 1 carton=1 litre Aided by a photo book
MEDIS⁽ ⁷⁸ ⁾	Non-quantitative No. of items NR	Test association between energy-generating nutrients and obesity	Adults/elderly 65–80+ years	Exact classification unknown^† ‘Fruits’, ‘Vegetables’, ‘Greens and salads’ Potatoes and legumes assessed separately	NR	NR	Frequency assessed on a daily, weekly or monthly basis	No
Terry et al. ⁽ ⁹³ ⁾	Semi-quantitative Dietary questionnaire No. of items NR	Test association between diet and brain tumour risk	Adults 20–82 years	Exact classification unknown^†	NR	Face-to face interview	Exact classification unknown^†	Yes Assessed separately Abstract food models or photographs used to aid portion size estimation
Pro-Children⁽ ⁸⁶ ⁾*	Non-quantitative Six-item FFQ within a general questionnaire	Assess F&V consumption Identify determinants of F&V consumption patterns	Adults/parents Age range NR	Six items: ‘Fresh fruit’ ‘Salad or grated vegetables’ ‘Raw vegetables’ ‘Cooked vegetables’ ‘100 % fruit juice’ Potatoes assessed separately	NR	Self-admin.	8 categories, ranging from ‘never’ to ‘every day, more than twice a day’	No
Kolarzyk et al. ⁽ ⁴⁸ ⁾*	Non-quantitative Thirty-nine-item FFQ	Assess diet and the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity	Adults/students Age range NR	Four items: ‘Fruit’ ‘Vegetables’ ‘Fruit juice’ ‘Vegetable juice’ Pulses and potatoes assessed separately	Previous month	Self-admin.	7 categories, ranging from ‘not eaten at all’ to ‘eaten every day’	No
Adolescents
Gerrits et al. ⁽ ¹⁰⁹ ⁾	Non-quantitative Two items within a general questionnaire	Test association of psychological variables with consumption of fatty foods and F&V	Adolescents 14–19 years	Exact classification unknown^† ‘Servings of fruit’ ‘Servings of vegetables’	Usual consumption per day	Self-admin.	4 categories, ranging from ‘less than one serving a day’ to ‘3 or more servings a day’	Yes Assessed in-line Asked to specify number of servings
HELENA⁽ ⁴⁷ ^, ¹²¹ ⁾	Semi-quantitative 137-item FFQ	Assess effectiveness of an intervention to enhance the physical activity and diet of adolescents	Adolescents 13–17 years	Exact classification unknown^† Groups: ‘Vegetables’ (pulses included), ‘Fruit’ One F&V juices item Potatoes assessed separately	NR	Self-admin.	10 categories Then select frequency of: ‘Units per day’, ‘Units per week’ or ‘Units during the last 30 d’	Yes Assessed in-line Frequency and portion selected together for fruit juices; i.e. 1 glass/2 glass, 10 glass Photos, 4 portion sizes (amorphous foods)
TEMPEST⁽ ¹¹⁵ ⁾*	Semi-quantitative Five-item FFQ within a general questionnaire	Test association of ‘subjective peer norms’ with eating intentions and diet	Adolescents 12–17 years	Two items: ‘Fruit’ ‘Cooked or raw vegetables’	Per average day	Self-admin.	5 categories, ranging from ‘less than 1’ to ‘more than 4’	Yes Assessed in-line Participants asked to report ‘servings’ of fruit or ‘serving spoons’ of cooked or raw vegetables
HBSC 2009/10⁽ ³¹ ^, ¹¹⁰ ⁾*	Non-quantitative Four-item FFQ within general questionnaire	Determine health and health behaviours and the factors that influence them⁽ ³¹ ⁾ Investigate influence of chronological period of data collection on dietary intake⁽ ¹¹⁰ ⁾	Adolescents 11-, 13- and 15-year-olds	Two items: ‘Fruits’ ‘Vegetables’	Habitual intake over a week	Self-admin.	7 categories, ranging from ‘never’ to ‘every day, more than once’	No
I.Family Project⁽ ⁵⁰ ⁾	Non-quantitative Sixty-item FFQ	Assess determinants of eating behaviour	Adolescents 12–17 years	Nine items: Four veg items (including legumes, and potatoes) Two fruit items (fresh with or without sugar) One fruit juice item Nuts and dried fruits separately (two items) under ‘snacks’	Typical week over the previous month	Self admin.	7 categories, ranging from ‘never/less than once a week’ to ‘4 or more times per day’	No
Szczepanska et al. ⁽ ¹¹⁴ ⁾*	Non-quantitative Twelve-item FFQ	Assess and compare dietary habits	Adolescents Age range NR	Two items: ‘Fruit’ ‘Vegetables’	Not stated	Self-admin.	5 categories, ranging from ‘never’ to ‘3–4 times per week’	No
Larsson et al. ⁽ ¹¹³ ⁾*	Non-quantitative Thirty-three-item FFQ within a general questionnaire	Determine prevalence of vegetarianism Compare food habits among vegetarians and omnivores	Adolescents Age range NR	Fifteen items: ‘Vegetables (all except potatoes)’ Eight vegetable items ‘Fruits and berries (including frozen)’ Five fruit items Potatoes assessed separately	12 months	Self-admin.	6 categories, ranging from ‘never/rarely’ to ‘several times a day’	No
Children
Antova et al. ⁽ ¹¹⁶ ⁾*	Non-quantitative Five-item FFQ within a general questionnaire	Test association between diet and respiratory health	Children 7–11 years	Two items: ‘Fresh fruit’ (in Winter, in Summer) ‘Fresh vegetables’ (in Winter, in Summer) F&V seasonality assessed	NR	Self-admin.	4 categories, ranging from ‘>4 times per week’ to ‘less than once per month’	No
ENERGY⁽ ²⁷ ⁾*	Semi-quantitative General questionnaire	Determine prevalence of EBRB Identify personal, family and school environmental correlates of EBRB	Children 10–12 years	One item: Fruit juices. ‘When we say fruit juices we mean the packed fruit juice and freshly blended juice at home (100 % fruit juice)’ Examples provided	Previous week Usual consumption on a day on which fruit juices are drunk	Self-admin.	7 categories per week 6 categories per day	Yes Assessed in-line Subject can select number of glasses/small cartons (250 ml) and regular cartons (330 ml) drank on a day of consumption
IDEFICS⁽ ³⁷ ^, ¹¹⁸ ^, ¹²² ⁾*	Non-quantitative Forty-three-item FFQ	Determine the aetiology of overweight, obesity and related disorders Test association between diet and cardiovascular risk factors⁽ ¹³⁹ ⁾ Test association between diet and body mass⁽ ¹¹⁸ ⁾	Children 2–9 years (parents or guardians as proxies)	Eight items: Four vegetable items (including legumes, and potatoes) Two fruit items (fresh with or without sugar) One fruit juice item Nuts and dried fruits separately under ‘snacks’	Typical week over the previous month	Self-admin.	8 categories, ranging from ‘never/less than once a week’ to ‘4 or more times per day’ ‘I have no idea’ was also an option	No
I.Family Project⁽ ⁵⁰ ⁾	Non-quantitative Fifty-nine-item FFQ	Assess determinants of eating behaviour	Children 2–11 years (parents or guardians as proxies)	Eight items: Four vegetable items (including legumes, and potatoes) Two fruit items (fresh with or without sugar) One fruit juice item Nuts and dried fruits separately (two items) under ‘snacks’	Typical week over the previous month	Self admin.	7 categories, ranging from ‘never/less than once a week’ to ‘4 or more times per day’	No
ISAAC⁽ ¹²⁰ ⁾*	Non-quantitative Eight-item FFQ within a general questionnaire	Test association between dietary factors, asthma and allergy	Children 8–12 years (parents or guardians)	Four items: ‘Fresh fruit’ ‘Raw green vegetables’ ‘Cooked green vegetables’ ‘Fruit juice’	NR	Self-admin.	5 categories, ranging from ‘never’ to ‘once per day or more often’	No
Pro-Children/PRO GREENS⁽ ⁴² ^, ⁸⁵ ^– ⁸⁷ ^, ¹³⁶ ⁾*	Non-quantitative Six-item FFQ within a general questionnaire	Assess F&V consumption and determinants of F&V consumption patterns	Children 11 years	Five items: ‘Fresh fruit’ ‘Salad or grated vegetables’ ‘Raw vegetables’ ‘Cooked vegetables’ ‘100 % fruit juice’ Potatoes assessed separately	NR	Self-admin.	8 categories, ranging from ‘never’ to ‘every day, more than twice a day’	No
ToyBox Children’s FFQ⁽ ⁹⁵ ^– ¹⁰⁶ ⁾*	Semi-quantitative Forty-four-item FFQ	Measure the effectiveness of an intervention to prevent obesity	Children 3·5–5·5 years (parents or guardians as proxies)	Six items: ‘Fruit juice, home-made, freshly squeezed’ Global groups used: ‘Dried fruit’, ‘Canned fruit’, ‘Fresh fruit’, ‘Raw veg’ and ‘Cooked veg’ Potatoes and legumes assessed separately	12 months	Self-admin.	6 categories, ranging from ‘1–3 days per month’ to ‘every day’	Yes Assessed separately Subjects asked to select from a range of portion for each food, e.g. from ‘100 ml or less’ to ‘1000 ml or more’. Examples of corresponding portions (g or ml) provided for each food item Photo book in appendix of the FFQ

CNSHS, Cross National Student Health Survey; ENERGY, EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth; EHBS, European Health and Behaviour Survey; ESCAREL, European Study in Non Carious Cervical Lesions; HAPIEE, Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors in Eastern Europe; HTT, Health in Times of Transition; IHBS, International Health and Behaviour Survey; LLH, Living Conditions, Lifestyles and Health; MGSD, Mediterranean Group for the Study of Diabetes; PRIME, Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction; MEDIS, MEDiterranean Islands Study; HELENA, Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence; TEMPEST, ‘Temptations to Eat Moderated by Personal and Environmental Self-regulatory Tools’; HBSC, Health Behaviour in School-aged Children; IDEFICS, Identification and prevention of Dietary- and lifestyle-induced health EFfects In Children and infantS; ISAAC, International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; NR, not reported; EBRB, energy balance-related behaviours; F&V, fruit and vegetables; veg, vegetables; self-admin., self-administered; CATI, computer-assisted telephone interview; PAPI, paper-assisted personal interview.

Original instrument obtained for review.

^†

Original instrument not obtained.

^‡

Information on Food4Me instrument was obtained from study authors.