Table 1.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to sociodemographic characteristics in adult women from nine Mesoamerican countries, 2011–2013
| Characteristic | n * | Metabolic syndrome (%) | Unadjusted prevalence ratio† | 95 % CI | Adjusted prevalence ratio‡ | 95 % CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||||
| <30 | 42 | 38·1 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 30–34 | 57 | 28·1 | 0·74 | 0·42, 1·30 | 0·79 | 0·45, 1·38 |
| 35–39 | 89 | 38·2 | 1·00 | 0·63, 1·60 | 1·22 | 0·77, 1·94 |
| 40–44 | 48 | 41·7 | 1·09 | 0·66, 1·82 | 1·34 | 0·82, 2·21 |
| ≥45 | 28 | 50·0 | 1·31 | 0·77, 2·24 | 1·25 | 0·69, 2·25 |
| P, trend§ | 0·14 | 0·10 | ||||
| Education level | ||||||
| Incomplete elementary | 44 | 56·8 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Complete elementary | 35 | 34·3 | 0·60 | 0·36, 1·02 | 0·71 | 0·41, 1·24 |
| Incomplete secondary | 67 | 43·3 | 0·76 | 0·52, 1·11 | 0·79 | 0·53, 1·19 |
| Complete secondary | 46 | 21·7 | 0·38 | 0·21, 0·70 | 0·44 | 0·23, 0·85 |
| Post-secondary | 64 | 28·1 | 0·50 | 0·31, 0·79 | 0·60 | 0·36, 1·00 |
| P, trend | 0·001 | 0·03 | ||||
| Height quartile (median, cm) | ||||||
| Q1 (148·9) | 65 | 41·5 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Q2 (153·1) | 67 | 29·9 | 0·72 | 0·45, 1·15 | 0·78 | 0·48, 1·26 |
| Q3 (157·0) | 68 | 41·2 | 0·99 | 0·66, 1·49 | 1·15 | 0·75, 1·77 |
| Q4 (162·7) | 64 | 39·1 | 0·94 | 0·62, 1·43 | 1·30 | 0·80, 2·10 |
| P, trend | 0·88 | 0·15 | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| <25·0 | 63 | 11·1 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 25·0–29·9 | 98 | 37·8 | 3·40 | 1·62, 7·15 | 4·03 | 1·91, 8·49 |
| ≥30·0 | 103 | 54·4 | 4·89 | 2·38, 10·06 | 6·29 | 3·06, 12·89 |
| P, trend | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | ||||
| Parity | ||||||
| 1 | 20 | 35·0 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 2 | 87 | 39·1 | 1·12 | 0·58, 2·14 | 1·07 | 0·53, 2·16 |
| 3 | 92 | 33·7 | 0·96 | 0·50, 1·87 | 0·85 | 0·44, 1·66 |
| ≥4 | 64 | 43·8 | 1·25 | 0·65, 2·42 | 0·76 | 0·38, 1·51 |
| P, trend | 0·58 | 0·13 | ||||
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never | 216 | 37·0 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Past or current | 47 | 40·4 | 1·09 | 0·74, 1·61 | 0·96 | 0·64, 1·43 |
| P || | 0·66 | 0·83 | ||||
| Home ownership | ||||||
| Yes | 185 | 39·5 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| No | 79 | 34·2 | 0·87 | 0·61, 1·23 | 0·82 | 0·57, 1·18 |
| P | 0·43 | 0·29 | ||||
| Number of home assets¶ | ||||||
| 0–4 | 49 | 46·9 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 5–7 | 99 | 46·5 | 0·99 | 0·69, 1·43 | 1·17 | 0·79, 1·73 |
| 8–9 | 51 | 23·5 | 0·50 | 0·28, 0·89 | 0·76 | 0·41, 1·40 |
| 10–12 | 65 | 29·2 | 0·62 | 0·38, 1·01 | 0·96 | 0·49, 1·87 |
| P, trend | 0·007 | 0·56 | ||||
| Household’s food security | ||||||
| Secure | 87 | 33·3 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Insecure | 176 | 39·8 | 1·19 | 0·84, 1·69 | 0·98 | 0·64, 1·50 |
| P | 0·32 | 0·92 | ||||
| Country | ||||||
| Guatemala | 31 | 45·2 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| El Salvador | 29 | 44·8 | 0·99 | 0·57, 1·74 | 1·19 | 0·66, 2·14 |
| Dominican Republic | 30 | 36·7 | 0·81 | 0·44, 1·49 | 1·05 | 0·56, 1·99 |
| Honduras | 30 | 23·3 | 0·52 | 0·24, 1·10 | 0·70 | 0·31, 1·58 |
| Nicaragua | 31 | 54·8 | 1·21 | 0·73, 2·01 | 1·29 | 0·74, 2·23 |
| Panama | 26 | 15·4 | 0·34 | 0·13, 0·91 | 0·46 | 0·17, 1·29 |
| Costa Rica | 27 | 29·6 | 0·66 | 0·33, 1·32 | 0·71 | 0·34, 1·46 |
| Mexico | 31 | 38·7 | 0·86 | 0·48, 1·54 | 1·03 | 0·54, 1·94 |
| Belize | 29 | 48·3 | 1·07 | 0·62, 1·84 | 1·07 | 0·58, 1·95 |
| P | 0·03 | 0·37 | ||||
*
Totals may be less than 267 due to missing values.
†
From Poisson regression models with metabolic syndrome as the dichotomous outcome and indicator variables for each characteristic as predictors.
‡
From multivariable Poisson regression adjusted for age, education level and country.
§
Wald test for a variable representing ordinal categories of the predictor that was introduced into the model as continuous.
||
χ 2 score statistic.
¶
From a list that included car, bicycle, refrigerator/freezer, gas stove, electric stove, blender, microwave, washing machine, colour television, sound set, computer and Internet.