Table 2.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to sociodemographic characteristics in adult men from nine Mesoamerican countries, 2011–2013
| Characteristic | n * | Metabolic syndrome (%) | Unadjusted prevalence ratio† | 95 % CI | Adjusted prevalence ratio‡ | 95 % CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||||
| <35 | 67 | 26·9 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 35–39 | 75 | 30·7 | 1·14 | 0·68, 1·92 | 1·17 | 0·70, 1·96 |
| 40–44 | 58 | 51·7 | 1·93 | 1·21, 3·07 | 1·91 | 1·15, 3·18 |
| 45–54 | 44 | 36·4 | 1·35 | 0·78, 2·36 | 1·44 | 0·82, 2·52 |
| ≥55 | 16 | 31·3 | 1·16 | 0·51, 2·66 | 1·77 | 0·77, 4·09 |
| P, trend§ | 0·12 | 0·03 | ||||
| Education level | ||||||
| Incomplete elementary | 29 | 31·0 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Complete elementary | 40 | 25·0 | 0·81 | 0·38, 1·73 | 0·81 | 0·39, 1·72 |
| Incomplete secondary | 87 | 37·9 | 1·22 | 0·67, 2·24 | 1·09 | 0·57, 2·09 |
| Complete secondary | 34 | 29·4 | 0·95 | 0·45, 2·01 | 0·81 | 0·36, 1·84 |
| Post-secondary | 67 | 43·3 | 1·39 | 0·76, 2·56 | 0·90 | 0·46, 1·77 |
| P, trend | 0·13 | 0·80 | ||||
| Height quartile (median, cm) | ||||||
| Q1 (159·0) | 65 | 18·5 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Q2 (165·0) | 66 | 33·3 | 1·81 | 0·98, 3·34 | 1·95 | 1·07, 3·55 |
| Q3 (169·7) | 65 | 44·6 | 2·42 | 1·36, 4·31 | 2·44 | 1·35, 4·41 |
| Q4 (176·4) | 65 | 44·6 | 2·42 | 1·36, 4·31 | 2·42 | 1·34, 4·38 |
| P, trend | 0·0005 | 0·002 | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| <25·0 | 67 | 11·9 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 25·0–29·9 | 118 | 28·0 | 2·34 | 1·15, 4·77 | 2·51 | 1·29, 4·86 |
| ≥30·0 | 76 | 67·1 | 5·62 | 2·88, 10·97 | 6·29 | 3·29, 12·00 |
| P, trend | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | ||||
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never | 115 | 35·7 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Past | 102 | 33·3 | 0·94 | 0·65, 1·35 | 1·22 | 0·83, 1·79 |
| Current | 43 | 39·5 | 1·11 | 0·71, 1·73 | 1·43 | 0·83, 2·44 |
| P || | 0·78 | 0·39 | ||||
| Home ownership | ||||||
| Yes | 182 | 36·3 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| No | 79 | 32·9 | 0·91 | 0·63, 1·31 | 0·91 | 0·64, 1·30 |
| P | 0·60 | 0·60 | ||||
| Number of home assets¶ | ||||||
| 0–4 | 48 | 25·0 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 5–7 | 97 | 36·1 | 1·44 | 0·83, 2·52 | 1·48 | 0·83, 2·66 |
| 8–9 | 51 | 25·5 | 1·02 | 0·52, 2·01 | 0·93 | 0·46, 1·87 |
| 10–12 | 65 | 49·2 | 1·97 | 1·14, 3·41 | 1·52 | 0·75, 3·09 |
| P, trend | 0·03 | 0·58 | ||||
| Household’s food security | ||||||
| Secure | 86 | 47·7 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Insecure | 174 | 29·3 | 0·61 | 0·45, 0·85 | 0·62 | 0·42, 0·91 |
| P | 0·003 | 0·02 | ||||
| Country | ||||||
| Guatemala | 30 | 30·0 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| El Salvador | 29 | 24·1 | 0·80 | 0·35, 1·87 | 0·55 | 0·24, 1·25 |
| Dominican Republic | 30 | 50·0 | 1·67 | 0·87, 3·20 | 0·88 | 0·45, 1·72 |
| Honduras | 29 | 34·5 | 1·15 | 0·55, 2·41 | 0·66 | 0·32, 1·34 |
| Nicaragua | 31 | 38·7 | 1·29 | 0·64, 2·61 | 1·06 | 0·51, 2·18 |
| Panama | 26 | 34·6 | 1·15 | 0·54, 2·47 | 0·60 | 0·28, 1·28 |
| Costa Rica | 27 | 51·9 | 1·73 | 0·90, 3·33 | 0·79 | 0·38, 1·63 |
| Mexico | 31 | 35·5 | 1·18 | 0·57, 2·44 | 0·76 | 0·35, 1·68 |
| Belize | 28 | 17·9 | 0·60 | 0·23, 1·56 | 0·41 | 0·16, 1·02 |
| P | 0·15 | 0·30 | ||||
*
Totals may be less than 267 due to missing values.
†
From Poisson regression models with metabolic syndrome as the dichotomous outcome and indicator variables for each characteristic as predictors.
‡
From multivariable Poisson regression adjusted for age, height, food security and country.
§
Wald test for a variable representing ordinal categories of the predictor that was introduced into the model as continuous.
||
χ 2 score statistic.
¶
From a list that included car, bicycle, refrigerator/freezer, gas stove, electric stove, blender, microwave, washing machine, colour television, sound set, computer and Internet.