Table 3.
Cardiometabolic score according to sociodemographic characteristics in children from nine Mesoamerican countries, 2011–2013
| Metabolic score† | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | n * | Mean | sd | difference‡ | 95 % CI | difference§ | 95 % CI |
| Height-for-age Z-score|| | |||||||
| <–1 | 65 | −0·08 | 0·18 | −0·15 | −0·23, −0·07 | −0·22 | −0·29, −0·15 |
| –1 to <0 | 100 | −0·04 | 0·21 | −0·12 | −0·19, −0·04 | −0·14 | −0·22, −0·07 |
| 0 to <1 | 65 | 0·08 | 0·25 | Reference | Reference | ||
| ≥1 | 37 | 0·14 | 0·20 | 0·06 | −0·02, 0·15 | 0·08 | −0·01, 0·17 |
| P, trend¶ | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | |||||
| BMI-for-age Z-score|| | |||||||
| <–1 | 38 | −0·14 | 0·13 | −0·10 | −0·16, −0·04 | −0·06 | −0·12, 0·00 |
| –1 to <0 | 58 | −0·14 | 0·15 | −0·10 | −0·16, −0·04 | −0·08 | −0·13, −0·02 |
| 0 to <1 | 77 | −0·04 | 0·18 | Reference | Reference | ||
| ≥1 | 94 | 0·18 | 0·21 | 0·22 | 0·16, 0·28 | 0·19 | 0·14, 0·25 |
| P, trend | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | |||||
| Mother’s age at child’s birth (years) | |||||||
| <20 | 33 | −0·05 | 0·20 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 20 to <25 | 61 | 0·03 | 0·20 | 0·08 | −0·01, 0·17 | 0·06 | −0·03, 0·14 |
| 25 to <30 | 98 | 0·00 | 0·23 | 0·05 | −0·04, 0·14 | 0·03 | −0·06, 0·11 |
| 30 to <35 | 48 | 0·03 | 0·24 | 0·08 | −0·02, 0·18 | 0·01 | −0·09, 0·10 |
| ≥35 | 27 | −0·02 | 0·25 | 0·03 | −0·09, 0·15 | −0·06 | −0·16, 0·05 |
| P, trend | 0·67 | 0·14 | |||||
| Mother’s parity | |||||||
| 1 | 20 | 0·01 | 0·30 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 2 | 88 | 0·04 | 0·24 | 0·03 | −0·12, 0·18 | 0·02 | −0·11, 0·15 |
| 3 | 93 | −0·01 | 0·22 | −0·02 | −0·18, 0·13 | −0·03 | −0·15, 0·10 |
| ≥4 | 65 | −0·02 | 0·18 | −0·03 | −0·18, 0·12 | 0·02 | −0·11, 0·14 |
| P, trend | 0·21 | 0·85 | |||||
| Mother’s height quartile (median, cm) | |||||||
| Q1 (148·8) | 66 | 0·02 | 0·23 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 (153·1) | 67 | 0·02 | 0·25 | 0·01 | −0·08, 0·09 | 0·00 | −0·07, 0·07 |
| Q3 (157·0) | 68 | −0·02 | 0·22 | −0·03 | −0·11, 0·04 | −0·07 | −0·14, 0·00 |
| Q4 (162·4) | 66 | −0·01 | 0·20 | −0·03 | −0·10, 0·05 | −0·11 | −0·19, −0·04 |
| P, trend | 0·35 | 0·0005 | |||||
| Mother’s BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
| <25·0 | 63 | −0·03 | 0·21 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 25·0–29·9 | 100 | −0·04 | 0·21 | −0·02 | −0·09, 0·05 | 0·00 | −0·06, 0·07 |
| ≥30·0 | 104 | 0·07 | 0·24 | 0·09 | 0·02, 0·17 | 0·05 | −0·02, 0·13 |
| P, trend | 0·003 | 0·12 | |||||
| Father’s age at child’s birth (years) | |||||||
| <25 | 67 | −0·03 | 0·20 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 25 to <30 | 71 | 0·02 | 0·24 | 0·05 | −0·03, 0·13 | 0·01 | −0·06, 0·08 |
| 30 to <35 | 63 | 0·02 | 0·21 | 0·05 | −0·03, 0·12 | 0·02 | −0·05, 0·10 |
| ≥35 | 60 | 0·02 | 0·25 | 0·05 | −0·04, 0·13 | −0·01 | −0·08, 0·06 |
| P, trend | 0·29 | 0·90 | |||||
| Father’s height quartile (median, cm) | |||||||
| Q1 (159·0) | 66 | 0·02 | 0·22 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 (165·0) | 66 | −0·05 | 0·22 | −0·07 | −0·15, 0·01 | −0·07 | −0·14, 0·00 |
| Q3 (169·7) | 65 | 0·05 | 0·24 | 0·02 | −0·06, 0·11 | −0·01 | −0·08, 0·07 |
| Q4 (176·4) | 65 | 0·00 | 0·22 | −0·03 | −0·10, 0·05 | −0·09 | −0·17, −0·01 |
| P, trend | 0·91 | 0·16 | |||||
| Father’s BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
| <25·0 | 67 | 0·00 | 0·23 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 25·0–29·9 | 118 | −0·03 | 0·21 | −0·03 | −0·10, 0·04 | −0·05 | −0·11, 0·02 |
| ≥30·0 | 77 | 0·05 | 0·24 | 0·05 | −0·03, 0·13 | 0·00 | −0·09, 0·09 |
| P, trend | 0·23 | 0·98 | |||||
| Highest parental education level | |||||||
| Incomplete elementary | 22 | −0·04 | 0·20 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Complete elementary | 32 | 0·00 | 0·23 | 0·04 | −0·09, 0·16 | 0·04 | −0·07, 0·15 |
| Incomplete secondary | 71 | 0·02 | 0·21 | 0·06 | −0·04, 0·16 | 0·03 | −0·07, 0·13 |
| Complete secondary | 48 | 0·00 | 0·24 | 0·04 | −0·07, 0·15 | 0·03 | −0·09, 0·15 |
| Post-secondary | 94 | 0·01 | 0·23 | 0·05 | −0·05, 0·14 | 0·02 | −0·08, 0·12 |
| P, trend | 0·60 | 0·94 | |||||
| Parental smoking history | |||||||
| Neither parent ever smoked | 103 | 0·03 | 0·22 | Reference | Reference | ||
| One parent ever smoked | 125 | 0·00 | 0·23 | −0·03 | −0·10, 0·03 | −0·06 | −0·11, 0·00 |
| Both parents ever smoked | 32 | −0·05 | 0·22 | −0·08 | −0·18, 0·01 | −0·06 | −0·15, 0·03 |
| P ** | 0·20 | 0·14 | |||||
| Parental metabolic syndrome | |||||||
| Neither mother nor father | 110 | −0·06 | 0·21 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Mother only | 58 | 0·01 | 0·21 | 0·07 | 0·00, 0·14 | 0·06 | 0·00, 0·12 |
| Father only | 52 | 0·01 | 0·22 | 0·06 | −0·01, 0·13 | 0·03 | −0·03, 0·10 |
| Both mother and father | 39 | 0·17 | 0·23 | 0·22 | 0·13, 0·31 | 0·17 | 0·08, 0·26 |
| P | 0·0005 | 0·01 | |||||
| Home ownership | |||||||
| Yes | 186 | −0·01 | 0·22 | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 81 | 0·03 | 0·24 | 0·03 | −0·03, 0·10 | 0·04 | −0·02, 0·10 |
| P | 0·35 | 0·16 | |||||
| Number of home assets†† | |||||||
| 0–4 | 49 | −0·03 | 0·21 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 5–7 | 100 | 0·04 | 0·22 | 0·06 | −0·01, 0·14 | 0·04 | −0·03, 0·10 |
| 8–9 | 52 | −0·03 | 0·24 | −0·01 | −0·10, 0·09 | 0·02 | −0·06, 0·10 |
| 10–12 | 66 | 0·01 | 0·23 | 0·03 | −0·05, 0·12 | 0·00 | −0·09, 0·08 |
| P, trend | 0·99 | 0·74 | |||||
| Household’s food security | |||||||
| Secure | 88 | 0·02 | 0·24 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Insecure | 178 | −0·01 | 0·22 | −0·03 | −0·09, 0·03 | 0·03 | −0·02, 0·09 |
| P | 0·34 | 0·26 | |||||
| Country | |||||||
| Guatemala | 31 | 0·06 | 0·20 | Reference | Reference | ||
| El Salvador | 30 | −0·04 | 0·26 | −0·10 | −0·21, 0·02 | −0·13 | −0·24, −0·02 |
| Dominican Republic | 30 | 0·06 | 0·20 | 0·00 | −0·10, 0·10 | −0·06 | −0·17, 0·04 |
| Honduras | 30 | −0·08 | 0·27 | −0·14 | −0·26, −0·02 | −0·17 | −0·28, −0·06 |
| Nicaragua | 31 | 0·00 | 0·17 | −0·06 | −0·15, 0·04 | −0·10 | −0·19, 0·00 |
| Panama | 26 | −0·04 | 0·17 | −0·09 | −0·20, 0·01 | −0·09 | −0·20, 0·02 |
| Costa Rica | 27 | 0·02 | 0·25 | −0·04 | −0·17, 0·09 | −0·05 | −0·19, 0·08 |
| Mexico | 31 | 0·10 | 0·26 | 0·04 | −0·08, 0·16 | −0·03 | −0·15, 0·09 |
| Belize | 31 | −0·05 | 0·19 | −0·11 | −0·21, −0·01 | −0·13 | −0·23, −0·03 |
| P | 0·08 | 0·10 | |||||
WC, waist circumference; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; MAP, mean arterial pressure.
Totals may be less than 267 due to missing values.
Sum of residuals from regression v. ln(age) and sex for ln(WC), ln(HOMA-IR), ln(MAP), −1×[ln(HDL cholesterol)] and ln(serum TAG); divided by 5.
From linear regression models with the metabolic score as a continuous outcome and indicator variables for each characteristic as predictors. Empirical estimates of variance were used in all models.
From multivariable linear regression adjusted for height-for-age, maternal height, paternal height, parental metabolic syndrome and country.
According to the WHO growth reference for children and adolescents( 18 ).
Wald test for a variable representing ordinal categories of the predictor that was introduced into the model as continuous.
χ 2 score statistic.
From a list that included car, bicycle, refrigerator/freezer, gas stove, electric stove, blender, microwave, washing machine, colour television, sound set, computer and Internet.