Table 1.
Background characteristics of the studies included in the present meta-analysis exploring the association between dietary legume consumption and CVD risk
| Author, year, reference | Study cohort (country) | Sex | Age range (years) | No. of subjects | Outcome | Follow-up (years) | No. of cases | Adjustments | Study quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bazzano et al. (2001)( 17 ) | NHANES I (USA) | M and F | 25–74 | 9632 | Incident/fatal CVD | 19 | CVD: 3680 CHD: 1802 | Age, sex, race, history diabetes, PA, education, alcohol intake, current smoker, energy intake, BMI, serum TC, SBP, meat and poultry intake, fruit and vegetable intake, saturated fat intake | 9 |
| Kelemen et al. (2005)( 18 ) | IWHS (USA) | F | 55–69 | 29 017 | Fatal CHD | 15 | Fatal CHD: 739 | Age, total energy, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, trans-fat, total fibre, dietary cholesterol, dietary methionine, alcohol, smoking, activity level, BMI, history of hypertension, postmenopausal hormone use, multivitamin use, vitamin E supplement use, education, family history cancer | 9 |
| Kokubo et al. (2007)( 19 ) | JPHC (Japan) | M and F | 40–59 | 40 462 | Incident/fatal MI/CBVD | 12·5 | CBVD: 587 MI: 308 | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol use, BMI, history hypertension or diabetes mellitus, medication use for hypercholesterolaemia, education level, sports, dietary intake of fruits, vegetables, fish, salt and energy, menopausal status for women | 9 |
| Buckland et al. (2009)( 20 ) | EPIC (Spain) | M and F | 29–69 | 41 078 | Incident/fatal CHD | 10·4 | Total CHD: 609 | Education, PA, BMI, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia status, energy intake | 8 |
| MI: 459 | |||||||||
| Fatal MI: 9 | |||||||||
| Angina pectoris: 141 | |||||||||
| Mizrahi et al. (2009)( 21 ) | Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey (Finland) | M and F | 40–74 | 3932 | Incident/fatal CBVD | 24 | Total CBVD: 625 | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, PA, serum TC, blood pressure, energy intake | 8 |
| Nagura et al. (2009)( 22 ) | JACC (Japan) | M and F | 40–79 | 59 485 | Fatal CVD | 13 | Fatal CVD: 1207 M, 1036 F | Sex, age, BMI, smoking status, alcohol intake, hours of walking, hours of sleep, education, perceived mental stress, cholesterol intake, SFA intake, n-3 fatty acids intake, Na intake, history hypertension, history diabetes, bean and vegetable intake | 9 |
| Bernstein et al. (2010)( 23 ) | NHS (USA) | F | 30–55 | 84 136 | Incident/fatal MI | 26 | MI: 2210 Fatal CHD: 952 | Age, time period, energy, cereal fiber, alcohol, trans-fat, BMI, smoking, menopausal status, parental history MI, multivitamin use, vitamin E use, aspirin, PA | 9 |
| Martinez-Gonzalez et al. (2011)( 24 ) | SUN (Spain) | M and F | 34–43 | 13 609 | Incident CVD | 4·9 | CVD: 100 Fatal CVD: 8 | Age, sex, family history CHD, total energy intake, PA, smoking, BMI, diabetes at baseline, use of aspirin, history hypertension, history hypercholesterolaemia | 8 |
| Dilis et al. (2012)( 25 ) | EPIC (Greece) | M and F | 20–86 | 23 929 | Incident/fatal CHD | 10 | CHD: 636 Fatal CHD: 240 | Age, energy, education, height, BMI, PA, smoking status, blood pressure, intake of alcohol, fruits and nuts, vegetables, cereals, dairy products, meat and meat products, fish and seafood, potatoes, eggs, sweets, non-alcoholic beverages, olive oil, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, ratio MUFA to SFA | 9 |
| Misirli et al. (2012)( 27 ) | EPIC (Greece) | M and F | 25–67 | 23 601 | Incident/fatal CBVD | 10·6 | CBVD: 395; Fatal CBVD: 196 | Age, education, smoking status, BMI, PA, hypertension, diabetes, energy intake | 8 |
| Bernstein et al. (2012)( 26 ) | NHS (USA) | F | 30–55 | 84 010 | Incident/fatal CBVD | 26 | CBVD: 2633 | Age, time period, BMI, cigarette smoking, physical exercise, parental history early MI, menopausal status, multivitamin use, vitamin E supplement use, aspirin use at least once per week, total energy, cereal fibre, alcohol, trans-fat, fruit and vegetables, other protein sources | 9 |
| Bernstein et al. (2012)( 26 ) | HPFS (USA) | M | 40–75 | 43 150 | Incident/fatal CBVD | 22 | CBVD: 1397 | Age, time period, BMI, cigarette smoking, physical exercise, parental history early MI, multivitamin use, vitamin E supplement use, aspirin use at least once per week, total energy, cereal fibre, alcohol, trans-fat, fruit and vegetables, other protein sources | 9 |
| Haring et al. (2014)( 28 ) | ARIC (USA) | M and F | 45–64 | 12 066 | Incident/fatal CHD | 22 | CHD: 1147 | Age, sex, race, study centre, total energy intake, smoking, education, SBP, use of antihypertensive medication, HDL-C, TC, use of lipid-lowering medication, BMI, WHR, alcohol intake, PA, carbohydrate intake, fibre intake, Mg intake | 9 |
| Haring et al. (2015)( 29 ) | ARIC (USA) | M and F | 45–64 | 11 601 | Incident/fatal CBVD | 22 | CBVD: 699 | Age, sex, race, study centre, total energy intake, smoking, education, SBP, use of antihypertensive medication, HDL-C, TC, use of lipid-lowering medication, BMI, WHR, alcohol intake, PA, carbohydrate intake, fibre intake, Mg intake | 9 |
| Nouri et al. (2016)( 30 ) | Isfahan Cohort Study (Iran) | M and F | >35 | 6504 | Incident/fatal CVD | 6·8 | Total CVD: 427 | Age, sex, income, marital status, education, job, ever smoke, leisure-time PA, legume-adjusted dietary score, antihyperlipidaemia medicine, BMI, shared frailty | 8 |
| MI: 89 | |||||||||
| Stroke: 91 | |||||||||
| Sudden cardiac death: 54 | |||||||||
| Angina: 193 | |||||||||
NHANES I, First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; IWHS, Iowa Women’s Health Study; JPHC, Japan Public Health Center-based; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; JACCS, Japan Collaborative Cohort Study; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; SUN, Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra; HPFS, Health Professionals’ Follow-up Study; ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; M, male; F, female; MI, myocardial infarction; CBVD, cerebrovascular disease; PA, physical activity; TC, total cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; HDL-C, HDL cholesterol; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.