Table 3.
Multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression analysis of factors associated with stunting in 0–35-month-old children in Côte d’Ivoire and its three zones from 1994 to 2011
| Côte d’Ivoire (n 5852) | Abidjan (n 845) | South zone (n 3630) | North zone (n 1377) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | aOR | 95 % CI | P | aOR | 95 % CI | P | aOR | 95 % CI | P | aOR | 95 % CI | P |
| Year | 0·090 | 0·102 | 0·007 | 0·632 | ||||||||
| 1994 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | ||||
| 1998 | 0·64 | 0·34, 1·20 | 0·165 | 0·82 | 0·48, 1·41 | 0·478 | 0·71 | 0·53, 0·95 | 0·020 | 1·20 | 0·81, 1·79 | 0·361 |
| 2011 | 1·39 | 0·72, 2·64 | 0·323 | 1·62 | 0·87, 3·01 | 0·129 | 0·74 | 0·58, 0·94 | 0·012 | 1·00 | 0·72, 1·39 | 0·992 |
| Zone | 0·034 | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Abidjan | 1·00 | Ref. | ||||||||||
| South | 1·81 | 1·14, 2·87 | 0·012 | |||||||||
| North | 1·87 | 1·14, 3·06 | 0·012 | |||||||||
| Zone×year | 0·028 | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Abidjan+1994 | 1·00 | Ref. | ||||||||||
| South+1998 | 1·09 | 0·55, 2·16 | 0·811 | |||||||||
| South+2011 | 0·53 | 0·27, 1·05 | 0·069 | |||||||||
| North+1998 | 1·96 | 0·94, 4·12 | 0·074 | |||||||||
| North+2011 | 0·69 | 0·33, 1·41 | 0·305 | |||||||||
| Sex | 0·019 | 0·060 | 0·002 | |||||||||
| Male | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | ||||||
| Female | 0·77 | 0·62, 0·96 | 0·019 | 0·66 | 0·42, 1·02 | 0·060 | 0·70 | 0·56, 0·88 | 0·002 | |||
| Age group (months) | <0·001 | 0·002 | <0·001 | 0·001 | ||||||||
| <6 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | ||||
| 6–11 | 1·03 | 0·70, 1·51 | 0·897 | 2·22 | 0·78, 6·31 | 0·134 | 0·94 | 0·57, 1·54 | 0·807 | 1·03 | 0·53, 2·02 | 0·927 |
| 12–17 | 1·80 | 1·22, 2·64 | 0·003 | 4·42 | 1·70, 11·46 | 0·002 | 1·67 | 1·07, 2·60 | 0·023 | 1·71 | 0·72, 4·04 | 0·222 |
| 18–23 | 2·77 | 1·82, 4·22 | <0·001 | 4·51 | 1·69, 12·01 | 0·003 | 2·89 | 1·62, 5·17 | <0·001 | 2·31 | 1·29, 4·13 | 0·005 |
| 24–29 | 2·65 | 1·78, 3·96 | <0·001 | 4·80 | 2·01, 11·46 | 0·001 | 2·58 | 1·62, 4·12 | <0·001 | 2·29 | 0·92, 5·71 | 0·075 |
| 30–35 | 3·70 | 2·48, 5·52 | <0·001 | 7·05 | 2·77, 17·94 | <0·001 | 3·70 | 2·17, 6·30 | <0·001 | 3·18 | 1·56, 6·52 | 0·002 |
| Birth order | 0·467 | 0·003 | ||||||||||
| 1 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | ||||||||
| 2–3 | 0·84 | 0·66, 1·07 | 0·156 | 1·38 | 0·80, 2·37 | 0·242 | ||||||
| 4–5 | 0·84 | 0·64, 1·10 | 0·201 | 0·44 | 0·21, 0·92 | 0·029 | ||||||
| ≥6 | 0·82 | 0·60, 1·13 | 0·225 | 1·48 | 0·76, 2·91 | 0·249 | ||||||
| Level of education | 0·028 | 0·200 | 0·114 | 0·177 | ||||||||
| No formal education | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | ||||
| Primary | 0·78 | 0·62, 0·99 | 0·037 | 0·78 | 0·43, 1·39 | 0·391 | 0·76 | 0·58, 1·00 | 0·047 | 0·97 | 0·65, 1·46 | 0·893 |
| Secondary/higher | 0·68 | 0·49, 0·96 | 0·027 | 0·56 | 0·29, 1·06 | 0·072 | 0·81 | 0·51, 1·28 | 0·359 | 0·57 | 0·31, 1·04 | 0·066 |
| Mother’s BMI | 0·001 | 0·031 | 0·001 | |||||||||
| Normal | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | ||||||
| Underweight | 1·46 | 1·04, 2·05 | 0·028 | 1·11 | 0·71, 1·74 | 0·658 | 2·20 | 1·35, 3·57 | 0·002 | |||
| Overweight/obese | 0·65 | 0·49, 0·87 | 0·004 | 0·58 | 0·38, 0·88 | 0·010 | 0·61 | 0·37, 0·99 | 0·045 | |||
| Wealth index | 0·004 | 0·049 | 0·119 | |||||||||
| Poorest | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | ||||||
| Poorer | 0·84 | 0·62, 1·13 | 0·246 | 0·90 | 0·64, 1·26 | 0·537 | 0·78 | 0·44, 1·37 | 0·388 | |||
| Middle | 0·80 | 0·60, 1·06 | 0·113 | 0·89 | 0·62, 1·27 | 0·513 | 0·70 | 0·45, 1·09 | 0·114 | |||
| Richer | 0·80 | 0·58, 1·12 | 0·196 | 0·96 | 0·62, 1·48 | 0·834 | 0·74 | 0·44, 1·24 | 0·249 | |||
| Richest | 0·47 | 0·31, 0·70 | <0·001 | 0·45 | 0·25, 0·79 | 0·006 | 0·41 | 0·21, 0·79 | 0·008 | |||
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; Ref., reference category; NA, not applicable.
Each model includes only variables that were significant at P<0·20 in univariable and adjusted models.
Data are based on de-normalised sample weights.