. 2016 Oct 21;20(4):578–597. doi: 10.1017/S1368980016002639

Table 2.

Summary of the selected instruments which were tested for validity (n 7) for assessment of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB): design, age group, countries, mode of administration, definition of SSB used and portion estimation

Study/instrument	Design	Age group	Countries	Mode	Definition	Portion estimation
Adults
Food4Me⁽ ¹⁰³ ^– ¹⁰⁵ ⁾ Web-based FFQ	Randomised controlled trial	17–79 years	7 (Ireland, Netherlands, Spain, Greece, UK, Poland, Germany)	Self-admin.	‘Fizzy soft drinks, e.g. coca cola/lemonade’ ‘Low-calorie/diet fizzy soft drinks’ ‘Fruit squash/cordial/nectar’	X
Adolescents
HBSC⁽ ⁶⁷ ⁾ FFQ	Cross-sectional	11-, 13- and 15-year-olds	37 (England, Norway, Macedonia, Iceland, Netherlands, Portugal, Wales, Italy, Sweden, Latvia, Switzerland, Denmark, Estonia, Scotland, Slovenia, Ukraine, Belgium, Finland, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Germany, Greenland, Russia, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Spain, France, Romania, Turkey, Czech Republic, Ireland, Luxembourg, Slovakia)	Self-admin.	‘Sweetened soft drinks (cola or other soft drinks that contain sugar)’
HELENA⁽ ⁴⁴ ^, ⁴⁵ ^, ⁵² ^– ⁵⁵ ^, ⁶⁸ ⁾ 24-HDR HELENA-DIAT	Cross-sectional	13–17 years	8 (Greece, Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, Sweden, Austria, Spain)	Self-admin. Computerised	‘Regular soft drinks’ ‘Diet soft drinks’	X
HELENA⁽ ⁴⁴ ^, ⁴⁵ ^, ⁵² ^– ⁵⁵ ^, ⁶⁸ ⁾ Online FFQ		13–17 years	5 (Austria, Belgium, Greece, Sweden, Germany)	Self-admin.	–	X
Children
IDEFICS⁽ ³⁹ ^, ⁴⁰ ^, ⁷⁹ ⁾ CEHQ-FFQ^*	Prospective cohort study with an embedded intervention	2–9 years	8 (Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Germany Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden)	Self-admin. (parents)	‘Sweetened drinks including sports drinks, bottled or canned tea, syrup-based drinks and similar’ ‘Diet coke or diet soft drinks’
ENERGY⁽ ⁵¹ ^, ⁷⁷ ⁾ Children’s FFQ	Cross-sectional	10–12 years	7 (Belgium, Greece, Hungary, Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, Spain)	Self-admin.	‘Fizzy drinks or fruit squash’. Specified that this was: ‘NOT diet drinks and fruit juice’	X
ToyBox⁽ ⁸⁰ ^– ⁹⁰ ⁾ Children’s FFQ^*	Intervention multifactorial study	3·5–5·5 years	6 (Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain)	Self-admin.	‘Sugared beverages (Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Fanta, Sprite, Nestea)’ ‘Fruit juice, pre-packed/ bottled’	X

HBSC, Health Behaviour in School-aged Children; HELENA, Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence; 24-HDR, 24 h recall; IDEFICS, Identification and prevention of Dietary- and lifestyle-induced health effects In Children and infants; CEHQ, Children’s Eating Habits Questionnaire; ENERGY, EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth; self-admin., self-administered.

Original instrument obtained for review.