Table 5.
Multilevel logistic regression analysis of prelacteal feeding in twenty-two sub-Saharan African countries, 2010 to 2014
| Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95 % CI | P value | OR | 95 % CI | P value | OR | 95 % CI | P value | |
| Fixed effects, constant | 0·22 | 0·14, 0·36 | <0·001 | 2·08 | 0·49, 8·80 | 0·320 | 2·65 | 0·47, 15·4 | 0·270 |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||||||
| Mother’s age at birth (years) | |||||||||
| ≤19 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
| 20–34 | 0·85 | 0·81, 0·90 | <0·001 | 0·88 | 0·83, 0·93 | <0·001 | |||
| ≥35 | 0·90 | 0·83, 0·97 | 0·007 | 0·93 | 0·86, 1·00 | 0·061 | |||
| Mother’s education | |||||||||
| No education | 1·43 | 1·35, 1·51 | <0·001 | 1·22 | 1·15, 1·29 | <0·001 | |||
| Primary | 1·17 | 1·11, 1·23 | <0·001 | 1·09 | 1·03, 1·16 | 0·002 | |||
| Secondary or above | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
| Mother’s occupation | |||||||||
| Non working | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
| Working | 0·99 | 0·95, 1·03 | 0·618 | 1·02 | 0·98, 1·06 | 0·393 | |||
| Wealth index | |||||||||
| Lowest | 1·13 | 1·05, 1·22 | 0·001 | 0·95 | 0·88, 1·03 | 0·209 | |||
| Second | 1·03 | 0·96, 1·11 | 0·399 | 0·91 | 0·85, 0·98 | 0·014 | |||
| Middle | 0·94 | 0·87, 1·00 | 0·059 | 0·87 | 0·81, 0·93 | <0·001 | |||
| Fourth | 0·92 | 0·86, 0·98 | 0·012 | 0·90 | 0·84, 0·96 | 0·001 | |||
| Highest | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
| Place of residence | |||||||||
| Urban | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
| Rural | 1·08 | 1·03, 1·14 | 0·003 | 1·00 | 0·95, 1·05 | 0·953 | |||
| Combined birth rank and interval | |||||||||
| 1st birth rank | 1·18 | 1·11, 1·25 | <0·001 | 1·25 | 1·17, 1·33 | <0·001 | |||
| 2nd–3rd birth rank, ≤24 months | 1·03 | 0·95, 1·11 | 0·488 | 1·03 | 0·95, 1·12 | 0·415 | |||
| 2nd–3rd birth rank,>24 months | 0·96 | 0·92, 1·01 | 0·109 | 0·98 | 0·94, 1·03 | 0·454 | |||
| ≥4th birth rank, ≤24 months | 1·10 | 1·03, 1·18 | 0·005 | 1·08 | 1·00, 1·15 | 0·040 | |||
| ≥4th birth rank,>24 months | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
| Sex of child | |||||||||
| Female | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
| Male | 1·04 | 1·01, 1·08 | 0·015 | 1·04 | 1·00, 1·08 | 0·027 | |||
| Child’s size at birth | |||||||||
| Average | 1·11 | 1·06, 1·15 | <0·001 | 1·09 | 1·05, 1·13 | <0·001 | |||
| Small | 1·37 | 1·30, 1·44 | <0·001 | 1·31 | 1·25, 1·38 | <0·001 | |||
| Large | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
| Clinical factors | |||||||||
| No. of antenatal care visits | |||||||||
| 0 | 1·34 | 1·26, 1·42 | <0·001 | ||||||
| 1–3 | 1·11 | 1·06, 1·16 | <0·001 | ||||||
| ≥4 | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||
| Place of delivery | |||||||||
| Home | 1·78 | 1·70, 1·87 | <0·001 | ||||||
| Health facility | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||
| Mode of delivery | |||||||||
| Spontaneous vaginal delivery | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||
| Caesarean section | 2·25 | 2·06, 2·46 | <0·001 | ||||||
| Birth status | |||||||||
| Single birth | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||
| Multiple birth | 1·20 | 1·05, 1·38 | 0·008 | ||||||
| Contextual factors – country | |||||||||
| Total health expenditure (% of GDP) | 0·80 | 0·67, 0·95 | 0·013 | 0·82 | 0·69, 0·97 | 0·023 | |||
| Female literacy rate | 0·98 | 0·96, 0·99 | 0·002 | 0·98 | 0·96, 1·00 | 0·050 | |||
| Proportion with health facility delivery | 0·99 | 0·96, 1·01 | 0·275 | ||||||
| Random effects, variance and se | |||||||||
| Country, constant | 1·347 | 0·406 | 0·784 | 0·238 | 0·767 | 0·233 | |||
GDP, gross domestic product; Ref., reference category.