Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by coffee consumption in 28 561 men and women living in the Czech Republic, Poland and Russia in 2002–2005; the HAPIEE (Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe) study
| Coffee consumption, men | Coffee consumption, women | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 cup/d | 1–2 cups/d | 3–4 cups/d | >4 cups/d | <1 cup/d | 1–2 cups/d | 3–4 cups/d | >4 cups/d | |||||||||||
| n or Mean | % or sd | n or Mean | % or sd | n or Mean | % or sd | n or Mean | % or sd | P | n or Mean | % or sd | n or Mean | % or sd | n or Mean | % or sd | n or Mean | % or sd | P | |
| No. of participants | 5431 | – | 4102 | – | 3360 | – | 457 | – | – | 5386 | – | 5505 | – | 3896 | – | 332 | – | – |
| Age (years), mean and sd | 58·7 | 7·1 | 58·7 | 6·9 | 57·1 | 7·0 | 55·1 | 6·3 | <0·001 | 59·0 | 7·0 | 58·1 | 7·0 | 55·7 | 6·7 | 54·5 | 7·1 | <0·001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean and sd | 27·5 | 4·3 | 27·8 | 4·1 | 27·4 | 4·1 | 26·3 | 4·2 | <0·001 | 29·7 | 5·6 | 28·9 | 5·2 | 28·0 | 5·1 | 27·8 | 5·3 | <0·001 |
| Current smoker, n and % | 1696 | 31·2 | 1480 | 36·1 | 1632 | 48·6 | 331 | 72·4 | <0·001 | 509 | 9·5 | 1085 | 19·8 | 1364 | 35·3 | 170 | 51·8 | <0·001 |
| Low educational level, n and % | 2078 | 38·2 | 1728 | 42·1 | 1356 | 40·2 | 152 | 33·1 | <0·001 | 2126 | 39·5 | 21·69 | 39·5 | 1448 | 37·3 | 132 | 39·8 | 0·026 |
| Low physical activity level, n and % | 2576 | 48·4 | 1548 | 39·0 | 1279 | 39·0 | 243 | 54·2 | <0·001 | 2966 | 56·3 | 2173 | 40·9 | 1315 | 35·0 | 164 | 50·8 | <0·001 |
| Alcohol intake (>12 g/d), n and % | 1007 | 18·5 | 752 | 18·3 | 760 | 22·5 | 95 | 20·7 | <0·001 | 65 | 1·2 | 116 | 2·1 | 146 | 3·7 | 14 | 4·2 | <0·001 |
| Health status | ||||||||||||||||||
| Hypertension, n and % | 3114 | 57·3 | 2087 | 50·7 | 1449 | 43·0 | 145 | 31·7 | <0·001 | 3663 | 68·0 | 3023 | 55·1 | 1547 | 39·8 | 117 | 35·3 | <0·001 |
| Diabetes, n and % | 537 | 9·9 | 505 | 12·3 | 320 | 9·5 | 24 | 5·2 | <0·001 | 505 | 9·4 | 533 | 9·7 | 269 | 6·9 | 15 | 4·5 | <0·001 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia, n and % | 1325 | 24·4 | 1269 | 30·9 | 968 | 28·7 | 72 | 15·7 | <0·001 | 1665 | 30·9 | 2008 | 36·6 | 1189 | 30·7 | 76 | 23·2 | <0·001 |
| CVD, n and % | 1308 | 24·3 | 891 | 22·1 | 541 | 16·3 | 69 | 15·2 | <0·001 | 1281 | 24·0 | 882 | 16·4 | 383 | 10·1 | 34 | 10·6 | <0·001 |
| Cancer, n and % | 168 | 3·1 | 106 | 2·6 | 106 | 3·2 | 11 | 2·4 | 0·363 | 280 | 5·2 | 331 | 6·1 | 253 | 6·7 | 19 | 5·8 | 0·037 |
| Family history of CVD, n and % | 2373 | 45·6 | 1652 | 42·6 | 1273 | 40·3 | 204 | 46·5 | <0·001 | 3320 | 63·8 | 3430 | 66·7 | 2460 | 68·8 | 206 | 66·5 | <0·001 |
| Family history of cancer, n and % | 1412 | 26·7 | 1152 | 29·0 | 1050 | 32·3 | 122 | 27·1 | <0·001 | 1594 | 30·1 | 1922 | 36·3 | 1491 | 39·9 | 132 | 41·0 | <0·001 |
| Dietary factors | ||||||||||||||||||
| Vitamin supplement use, n and % | 959 | 17·7 | 690 | 16·8 | 542 | 16·1 | 75 | 16·3 | 0·267 | 946 | 17·6 | 1078 | 19·7 | 786 | 20·3 | 57 | 17·3 | 0·005 |
| Total energy intake (kJ/d), mean and sd | 10155 | 4197 | 9862 | 4109 | 9983 | 4109 | 11724 | 6941 | <0·001 | 9046 | 3347 | 8924 | 3993 | 8941 | 3498 | 11251 | 10519 | <0·001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/d), mean and sd | 2427 | 1003 | 2357 | 982 | 2386 | 982 | 2802 | 1659 | <0·001 | 2162 | 800 | 2133 | 787 | 2137 | 836 | 2689 | 2514 | <0·001 |
| SFA intake (g/d), mean and sd | 38·8 | 21·3 | 38·2 | 17·9 | 38·9 | 20·8 | 48·2 | 38·6 | <0·001 | 33·4 | 15·9 | 33·7 | 15·5 | 33·4 | 16·4 | 46·1 | 51·5 | <0·001 |
| PUFA intake (g/d), mean and sd | 18·7 | 10·8 | 16·5 | 9·1 | 16·9 | 9·7 | 21·6 | 16·3 | <0·001 | 18·5 | 10·2 | 15·7 | 8·9 | 15·6 | 9·2 | 22·1 | 21·0 | <0·001 |
| n-3 PUFA intake (g/d), mean and sd | 1·3 | 0·8 | 1·1 | 0·7 | 1·1 | 0·7 | 1·4 | 1·1 | <0·001 | 1·3 | 0·8 | 1·1 | 0·7 | 1·1 | 0·7 | 1·4 | 1·1 | <0·001 |