Table 2.
Age- and multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals for all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality by coffee consumption in men and women living in the Czech Republic, Poland and Russia over a period of 6 years; the HAPIEE (Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe) study
| Coffee consumption, men | Coffee consumption, women | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 cup/d | 1–2 cups/d | 3–4 cups/d | >4 cups/d | <1 cup/d | 1–2 cups/d | 3–4 cups/d | >4 cups/d | |||||||
| Ref. | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | Ref. | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | |
| Death from all causes | ||||||||||||||
| Person-years | 31685 | 24115 | – | 21064 | – | 2854 | – | 33031 | 33568 | – | 25829 | – | 2167 | – |
| No. of deaths | 673 | 420 | – | 303 | – | 36 | – | 319 | 230 | – | 125 | – | 11 | – |
| Age-adjusted | 1 | 0·81 | 0·72, 0·92 | 0·74 | 0·64, 0·84 | 0·77 | 0·55, 1·08 | 1 | 0·75 | 0·64, 0·89 | 0·62 | 0·51, 0·77 | 0·77 | 0·42, 1·41 |
| Multivariate-adjusted* | 1 | 0·98 | 0·85, 1·12 | 0·83 | 0·71, 0·99 | 0·71 | 0·49, 1·04 | 1 | 0·77 | 0·62, 0·95 | 0·63 | 0·47, 0·84 | 0·51 | 0·24, 1·10 |
| Death from CVD | ||||||||||||||
| No. of deaths | 335 | 173 | – | 112 | – | 14 | – | 148 | 86 | – | 41 | – | 4 | – |
| Age-adjusted | 1 | 0·67 | 0·56, 0·81 | 0·56 | 0·45, 0·69 | 0·63 | 0·37, 1·08 | 1 | 0·63 | 0·48, 0·82 | 0·51 | 0·36, 0·73 | 0·76 | 0·28, 2·05 |
| Multivariate-adjusted* | 1 | 0·91 | 0·73, 1·12 | 0·71 | 0·54, 0·93 | 0·72 | 0·41, 1·26 | 1 | 0·68 | 0·48, 0·97 | 0·80 | 0·51, 1·27 | 0·44 | 0·11, 1·80 |
| Death from cancer | ||||||||||||||
| No. of deaths | 184 | 151 | – | 132 | – | 15 | – | 104 | 95 | – | 68 | – | 6 | – |
| Age-adjusted | 1 | 1·08 | 0·87, 1·34 | 1·21 | 0·97, 1·51 | 1·26 | 0·74, 2·14 | 1 | 0·94 | 0·71, 1·24 | 0·96 | 0·70, 1·31 | 1·16 | 0·51, 2·65 |
| Multivariate-adjusted* | 1 | 1·17 | 0·91, 1·50 | 1·21 | 0·92, 1·59 | 0·85 | 0·43, 1·67 | 1 | 0·87 | 0·62, 1·21 | 0·67 | 0·44, 1·02 | 0·70 | 0·25, 1·97 |
Ref., reference category.
Adjusted for age (continuous), gender, smoking status (yes/no), BMI (continuous), educational level (low, medium, high), physical activity (low, medium, high), alcohol intake (>12 g/d), hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, history of CVD or cancer, family history of CVD, family history of cancer, total energy intake (continuous), vitamin supplement use, SFA, PUFA and n-3 PUFA intake (continuous) and menopausal status (in women).