Table 3.
Stratified analysis by smoking status of age- and multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals for all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality by coffee consumption in men and women living in the Czech Republic, Poland, and Russia over a period of 6 years; the HAPIEE (Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe) study
| Coffee consumption, men | Coffee consumption, women | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 cup/d | 1–2 cups/d | 3–4 cups/d | >4 cups/d | <1 cup/d | 1–2 cups/d | 3–4 cups/d | >4 cups/d | |||||||
| Ref. | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | Ref. | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95 #x0025; CI | |
| Smokers | ||||||||||||||
| Death from all causes | ||||||||||||||
| Person-years | 9604 | 8348 | – | 9782 | – | 2003 | – | 2861 | 6245 | – | 8689 | – | 1146 | – |
| No. of deaths | 293 | 209 | – | 178 | – | 33 | – | 48 | 63 | – | 58 | – | 8 | – |
| Multivariate-adjusted* | 1 | 1·06 | 0·87, 1·29 | 0·82 | 0·65, 1·02 | 0·79 | 0·53, 1·19 | 1 | 0·72 | 0·44, 1·16 | 0·61 | 0·37, 1·02 | 0·51 | 0·19, 1·33 |
| Death from CVD | ||||||||||||||
| No. of deaths | 147 | 82 | – | 63 | – | 13 | – | 14 | 27 | – | 18 | – | 4 | – |
| Multivariate-adjusted* | 1 | 0·87 | 0·65, 1·18 | 0·66 | 0·47, 0·93 | 0·76 | 0·42, 1·39 | 1 | 1·63 | 0·66, 4·01 | 1·49 | 0·58, 3·80 | 0·97 | 0·19, 4·82 |
| Death from cancer | ||||||||||||||
| No. of deaths | 70 | 67 | – | 81 | – | 15 | – | 12 | 25 | – | 35 | – | 3 | – |
| Multivariate-adjusted* | 1 | 1·45 | 0·99, 2·11 | 1·37 | 0·93, 2·02 | 1·24 | 0·61, 2·55 | 1 | 0·87 | 0·39, 1·92 | 0·76 | 0·34, 1·71 | 0·62 | 0·13, 2·93 |
| Non-smokers | ||||||||||||||
| Death from all causes | ||||||||||||||
| Person-years | 21962 | 15652 | – | 11120 | – | 833 | – | 30100 | 27158 | – | 16927 | – | 995 | – |
| No. of deaths | 378 | 209 | – | 122 | – | 3 | – | 270 | 164 | – | 65 | – | 3 | – |
| Multivariate-adjusted* | 1 | 0·89 | 0·72, 1·09 | 0·89 | 0·68, 1·14 | 0·42 | 0·14, 1·32 | 1 | 0·76 | 0·59, 0·97 | 0·61 | 0·43, 0·87 | 0·47 | 0·12, 1·92 |
| Death from CVD | ||||||||||||||
| No. of deaths | 187 | 91 | – | 49 | – | 1 | – | 134 | 58 | – | 22 | – | 0 | – |
| Multivariate-adjusted* | 1 | 0·92 | 0·68, 1·25 | 0·79 | 0·52, 1·21 | 0·33 | 0·05, 2·36 | 1 | 0·58 | 0·38, 0·87 | 0·70 | 0·39, 1·25 | 0·00 | 0·00, 0·00 |
| Death from cancer | ||||||||||||||
| No. of deaths | 113 | 82 | – | 51 | – | 0 | – | 92 | 70 | – | 32 | – | 3 | – |
| Multivariate-adjusted* | 1 | 0·98 | 0·69, 1·39 | 1·11 | 0·74, 1·66 | 0·00 | 0·00, 0·00 | 1 | 0·85 | 0·59, 1·23 | 0·59 | 0·35, 0·99 | 1·09 | 0·27, 4·53 |
Ref., reference category.
Adjusted for age (continuous), gender, smoking status (yes/no), BMI (continuous), educational level (low, medium, high), physical activity (low, medium, high), alcohol intake (>12 g/d), hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, history of CVD or cancer, family history of CVD, family history of cancer, total energy intake (continuous), vitamin supplement use, SFA, PUFA and n-3 PUFA intake (continuous), and menopausal status (in women).