Table 4.
Stratified analysis by alcohol intake of multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals for all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality by coffee consumption in men and women living in the Czech Republic, Poland, and Russia over a period of 6 years; the HAPIEE (Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe) study
| Coffee consumption, men | Coffee consumption, women | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 cup/d | 1–2 cups/d | 3–4 cups/d | >4 cups/d | <1 cup/d | 1–2 cups/d | 3–4 cups/d | >4 cups/d | |||||||
| Ref. | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | Ref. | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | |
| Alcohol intake >12 g/d | ||||||||||||||
| Death from all causes | ||||||||||||||
| Person-years | 6357 | 4916 | – | 5293 | – | 602 | – | 404 | 771 | – | 1104 | – | 107 | – |
| No. of deaths | 117 | 80 | – | 68 | – | 9 | – | 8 | 4 | – | 6 | – | 0 | – |
| Multivariate-adjusted | 1 | 0·96 | 0·70, 1·33 | 0·70 | 0·49, 0·99 | 0·75 | 0·35, 1·63 | 1 | 0·22 | 0·04, 1·17 | 0·10 | 0·02, 0·51 | NA | NA |
| Death from CVD | ||||||||||||||
| No. of deaths | 50 | 26 | – | 17 | – | 4 | – | 3 | 0 | – | 2 | – | 0 | – |
| Multivariate-adjusted* | 1 | 0·69 | 0·41, 1·17 | 0·35 | 0·18, 0·69 | 0·75 | 0·23, 2·45 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Death from cancer | ||||||||||||||
| No. of deaths | 28 | 29 | – | 35 | – | 5 | – | 2 | 2 | – | 4 | – | 0 | – |
| Multivariate-adjusted* | 1 | 1·54 | 0·86, 2·76 | 1·66 | 0·93, 2·97 | 2·07 | 0·70, 6·10 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Alcohol intake ≤12 g/d | ||||||||||||||
| Death from all causes | ||||||||||||||
| Person-years | 25328 | 19199 | – | 15771 | – | 2253 | – | 32628 | 32797 | – | 24725 | – | 2060 | – |
| No. of deaths | 556 | 340 | – | 235 | – | 27 | – | 311 | 226 | – | 119 | – | 11 | – |
| Multivariate-adjusted* | 1 | 0·88 | 0·75, 1·03 | 0·74 | 0·62, 0·89 | 0·61 | 0·39, 0·94 | 1 | 0·73 | 0·59, 0·90 | 0·58 | 0·44, 0·76 | 0·50 | 0·23, 1·08 |
| Death from CVD | ||||||||||||||
| No. of deaths | 285 | 147 | – | 95 | – | 10 | – | 145 | 86 | – | 39 | – | 4 | – |
| Multivariate-adjusted* | 1 | 0·78 | 0·67, 0·98 | 0·61 | 0·46, 0·81 | 0·57 | 0·30, 1·10 | 1 | 0·56 | 0·40, 0·80 | 0·60 | 0·39, 0·93 | 0·38 | 0·09, 1·60 |
| Death from cancer | ||||||||||||||
| No. of deaths | 156 | 122 | – | 97 | – | 10 | – | 102 | 93 | – | 64 | – | 6 | – |
| Multivariate-adjusted* | 1 | 1·09 | 0·83, 1·44 | 1·10 | 0·81, 1·49 | 0·55 | 0·22, 1·36 | 1 | 0·94 | 0·68, 1·30 | 0·71 | 0·47, 1·07 | 0·76 | 0·27, 2·12 |
Ref., reference category; NA, not applicable.
Adjusted for age (continuous), gender, smoking status (yes/no), BMI (continuous), educational level (low, medium, high), physical activity (low, medium, high), smoking status (yes/no), hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, history of CVD or cancer, family history of CVD, family history of cancer, total energy intake (continuous), vitamin supplement use, SFA, PUFA and n-3 PUFA intake (continuous) and menopausal status (in women).