. 2017 Feb 8;20(13):2416–2431. doi: 10.1017/S1368980017000076

Table 1.

Summary of the studies included in the present systematic review

Authors, year, reference & country	Objective of the study or intervention	Population	Study design & quality rating^*	Baseline characteristics of sample	Type of intervention & theory used	Techniques used^†	Behavioural measure & type of SSB included	Main results on SSB consumption
Bae et al. (2012)⁽ ¹⁰⁶ ⁾ Korea	Evaluate the impact of governmental nutrition policies on SSB	Healthy adolescents	Design: one-group pre–post Global rating: moderate	n 65 000 % ♂: NR M age: NR Middle & high schools	Educational/behavioural & legislative/environmental Theory: N/A	Exp.: 5, 16 Cont.: N/A	Self-administered web-based survey SSB: carbonated beverages	Significant reduction in annual prevalence of SSB consumption (P<0·05)
Bauhoff (2014)⁽ ⁷³ ⁾ USA	Evaluate the impact of a nutrition policy on SSB	Healthy adolescents	Design: one-group pre–post Global rating: moderate	n 32 897 % ♂: 55·0 Age (range): 12–15 years Grades: 7 & 9	Legislative/environmental Theory: N/A	Exp.: 5 Cont.: N/A	Self-administered 24 h recall SSB: soda	Only significant reduction in % of male adolescents consuming SSB (P<0·01)
Blum et al. (2008)⁽ ⁷⁴ ⁾ USA	Intervention aimed at reducing the availability of SSB in schools	Healthy adolescents	Design: quasi-experimental Global rating: weak	n 456 % ♂: 40·1 M age: 15·8 (sd 0·8) years Grades: 9–11	Legislative/environmental Theory: N/A	Exp.: 5 Cont.: none	Validated self-administered FFQ SSB: soda, fruit drinks & iced tea	Significant time effect in SSB consumption for male & female adolescents (P=0·001)
Bogart et al. (2001)⁽ ⁷⁵ ⁾ USA	Healthy eating intervention	Healthy adolescents	Design: quasi-experimental Global rating: weak	n 425 % ♂: 50·0 M age: 13·0 (sd 0·5) years Grade: 7	Educational/behavioural & legislative/environmental Theory: SCT, TPB, EM, DIT	Exp.: 5, 16, 54, 77, 86 Cont.: none	Self-administered survey SSB: soda, fruit drinks & sports drinks	Significant time effect in % of students consuming sports/fruit drinks in peer advocates only (P<0·05)
Cassaza (2006)⁽ ⁷⁶ ⁾ USA	Healthy eating & physical activity intervention	Healthy adolescents	Design: RCT Global rating: weak	n 254 % ♂: 34·2 M age: 15·8 years Grades: 9–12	Educational/behavioural Theory: SCT, TPB, TTM, PM, SM, ET	Exp.: 16, 20, 33, 46, 50, 51, 59, 66, 68, 80 Cont.: none	Interviewer-administered 24 h recall SSB: soda	Significant group × time effect for soda consumption (P<0·01)
Collins et al. (2014)⁽ ⁹⁹ ⁾ Australia	Healthy eating intervention	Low-SES adolescent girls	Design: cluster RCT Global rating: moderate	n 357 % ♂: 0 M age: 13·2 years Secondary schools	Educational/behavioural Theory: SCT	Exp.: 16, 51, 68 Cont.: none	Validated FFQ SSB: soda, fruit drinks & cordial concentrates	Significant time effect for cordial concentrate & total SSB consumption (P<0·05)
Contento et al. (2010)⁽ ⁷⁷ ⁾ USA	Healthy eating & physical activity intervention	Low-SES adolescents	Design: cluster RCT Global rating: moderate	n 1136 % ♂: 51·0 M age: 12·0 years Grade: 7	Educational/behavioural Theory: SCT, SDT	Exp.: 2, 16, 33, 46, 48, 51, 59, 80 Cont.: none	Validated self-administered FFQ SSB: soft drinks, fruit drinks, sports drinks, iced tea & drink mixes	Significant reduction in frequency & quantity of SSB consumption at meals & with snacks (P<0·01)
Cordeira (2012)⁽ ⁷⁸ ⁾ USA	Healthy eating, physical activity & tobacco intervention	Healthy adolescents	Design: one-group pre–post Global rating: weak	n 38 % ♂: 32·0 Age (range): 13–18 years Grades: 9–12	Educational/behavioural Theory: SCT	Exp.: 2, 16, 33, 46, 68, 77 Cont.: N/A	Self-administered survey SSB: soft drinks & fruit drinks	No significant reduction in SSB consumption
Cradock et al. (2011)⁽ ⁷⁹ ⁾ USA	Evaluate the impact of a school district policy on SSB	Healthy adolescents	Design: quasi-experimental Global rating: moderate	n 2091 % ♂: 50·7 Age (range): 15–19 years Grades: 9–12	Legislative/environmental Theory: N/A	Exp.: 5 Cont.: none	Interviewer-administered 24 h recall & 7 d recall SSB: soda & fruit drinks	Significant reduction in total SSB consumption (P<0·001)
Cullen et al. (2008)⁽ ⁸⁰ ⁾ USA	Evaluate the impact of a school nutrition policy on SBB	Healthy adolescents	Design: one-group pre–post Global rating: strong	n 2671 % ♂: NR Age: NR Grades: 6–8	Legislative/environmental Theory: N/A	Exp.: 5 Cont.: N/A	Validated food records SSB: soft drinks & sweet beverages	Significant reduction in SSB consumption (P<0·005)
da Silva Vargas et al. (2011)⁽ ¹⁰³ ⁾ Brazil	Healthy eating & physical activity intervention	Normal & overweight adolescents	Design: quasi-experimental Global rating: weak	n 331 % ♂: NR M age: 13·1 years Grades: 5 & 6	Educational/behavioural Theory: none	Exp.: 16, 33, 49, 57, 59, 65 Cont.: none	Self-administered questionnaire SSB: soda	No significant reduction in soda consumption in both groups
Davis et al. (2007)⁽ ⁸¹ ⁾ USA	Healthy eating intervention	Overweight Latina adolescent girls	Design: RCT Global rating: moderate	n 30 % ♂: 0 M age: 14·7 years Grade: NR	Educational/behavioural Theory: none	Exp.: 2, 41, 46, 51, 54, 57, 59 Cont.: 46	3 d food record & validated interviewer-administered 24 h recalls SSB: soda, fruit drinks, sports drinks, sweetened tea or coffee	Significant reduction in SSB consumption in both groups (P<0·01)
Dubuy et al. (2014)⁽ ¹⁰¹ ⁾ Belgium	Healthy eating & physical activity intervention	Low-SES adolescent boys	Design: quasi-experimental Global rating: weak	n 414 % ♂: 100 M age: 12·3 years Elementary & secondary schools	Educational/behavioural Theory: ELM	Exp.: 16, 43, 63, 81 Cont.: none	Validated self-administered FFQ SSB: soft drinks	No significant reduction in soft drinks consumption
Greece (2011)⁽ ⁸² ⁾ USA	Healthy eating intervention	Mainly low-SES adolescents	Design: quasi-experimental Global rating: moderate	n 294 % ♂: 45·6 M age: 12·7 (sd 0·9) years Grades: 6–8	Legislative/environmental Theory: N/A	Exp.: 5, 16, 23 Cont.: none	Validated self-administered FFQ SSB: soft drinks & fruit drinks	Significant group × time effect on SSB consumption (P=0·03)
Haerens et al. (2006)⁽ ¹⁰² ⁾ Belgium	Healthy eating & physical activity intervention	Healthy adolescents	Design: RCT Global rating: strong	n 2840 % ♂: 63·4 M age: 13·1 (sd 0·8) years Grades: 7 & 8	Educational/behavioural & legislative/environmental Theory: TPB, TTM	Exp.: 5, 16, 68 Cont.: none	Validated self-administered FFQ SSB: soft drinks	No significant reduction in soft drinks consumption
Jones et al. (2014)⁽ ³⁸ ⁾ USA	Healthy eating & physical activity intervention	Normal & overweight adolescents	Design: one-group pre–post Global rating: weak	n 336 % ♂: 40·5 M age: 14·3 years Grade: 9	Educational/behavioural Theory: none	Exp.: 2, 16, 33, 41, 46 49, 51, 52, 54, 59, 66, 68 Cont.: N/A	Self-administered survey SSB: soda	Significant increase in soda consumption among adolescents in the healthy habits track (P=0·001) Significant decrease in soda consumption among adolescents in the weight management track (P=0·002)
Lao (2011)⁽ ⁸³ ⁾ USA	Healthy eating & physical activity intervention	Low-SES adolescents	Design: RCT Global rating: weak	n 192 % ♂: 55·7 M age: 14·9 years Grades: 9 & 10	Educational/behavioural Theory: TTM	Exp.: 16, 33, 46, 54, 59, 65, 66, 68, 72 Cont.: none	Self-administered survey SSB: soda, fruit, sports & energy drinks	No significant reduction in SSB consumption
Lo et al. (2008)⁽ ⁹⁶ ⁾ Canada	Intervention aimed at reducing SSB consumption	Healthy adolescents	Design: quasi-experimental Global rating: weak	n 101 % ♂: 61·4 M age: 14 years Grade: 9	Educational/behavioural Theory: CTL	Exp.: 15, 16, 17, 59, 63 Cont.: 15, 16, 17, 59	Self-administered questionnaire SSB: soft drinks, fruit drinks, sports drinks, iced tea, sweetened tea & coffee	Significant reduction in SSB consumption at the 3-month follow-up in the experimental group (P<0·02)
Malbon (2012)⁽ ⁹⁷ ⁾ Canada	Healthy eating & physical activity intervention	Healthy adolescents	Design: one-group pre–post Global rating: weak	n 44 % ♂: 48·0 Age: NR Grade: 10	Educational/behavioural Theory: SDT	Exp.: 16, 21, 46, 51, 54, 66, 73, 80 Cont.: N/A	Self-administered questionnaire SSB: soft drinks, fruit drinks, energy drinks, iced tea & slush	No significant reduction in SSB consumption
McGoldrick (2006)⁽ ⁹⁸ ⁾ Canada	Evaluate the impact of governmental nutrition policies on SSB	Healthy adolescents	Design: one-group pre–post Global rating: moderate	n 703 % ♂: 43·5 Age (range): 10–14 years Grades: 6–8	Legislative/environmental Theory: N/A	Exp.: 5 Cont.: N/A	Validated web 24 h recall & self-administered FFQ SSB: soft drinks, fruit drinks, sports drinks & iced tea	Significant increase in volume of SSB consumed, significant reduction in frequency of cola consumption & significant increase in % of adolescents who consume SSB (P<0·001)
Nanney et al. (2014)⁽ ⁸⁴ ⁾ USA	Evaluate the impact of school policies on SSB	Healthy adolescents	Design: one-group pre–post Global rating: moderate	n 18 881 % ♂: NR Age: NR Grades: 9 & 12	Legislative/environmental Theory: N/A	Exp.: 5 Cont.: N/A	Self-administered questionnaire SSB: soda & sports drinks	Significant reduction in SSB consumption (P=0·04)
Nanney et al. (2016)⁽ ⁹⁵ ⁾ USA	Evaluate the impact of school policies on SSB	Healthy adolescents	Design: one-group pre–post Global rating: moderate	n 7237 % ♂: NR Age: NR Grade: 9	Legislative/environmental Theory: N/A	Exp.: 5 Cont.: N/A	Self-administered questionnaire SSB: soda & sports drinks	Significant reduction in soda consumption (P<0·05)
Neumark-Sztainer et al. (2010)⁽ ⁸⁵ ⁾ USA	Healthy eating & physical activity intervention	Low-SES normal & overweight/obese adolescent girls	Design: RCT Global rating: weak	n 356 % ♂: 0 M age: 15·8 years High schools	Educational/behavioural Theory: SCT, TTM	Exp.: 2, 16, 41, 46, 57, 59, 68 Cont.: none	Interviewer-administered 24 h recall SSB: soda, fruit drinks, sports drinks, sweetened tea & sweetened coffee	No significant reduction in SSB consumption at follow-up
Patel et al. (2011)⁽ ⁸⁶ ⁾ USA	Intervention aimed at increasing water & reducing SSB consumption	Low-SES adolescents	Design: quasi-experimental Global rating: weak	n 876 % ♂: 45·0 M age: 12·9 years Grade: 7	Educational/behavioural & legislative/environmental Theory: none	Exp.: 5, 15, 16, 23, 65 Cont.: none	Self-administered questionnaire SSB: soda & sports drinks	No significant reduction in SSB consumption
Pbert et al. (2013)⁽ ⁸⁷ ⁾ USA	Healthy eating & physical activity intervention	Overweight & obese adolescents	Design: cluster RCT Global rating: moderate	n 82 % ♂: 30·5 M age: 15·8 years Grades: 9–11	Educational/behavioural Theory: SCT	Exp.: 2, 16, 46, 47, 51, 66, 72 Cont.: 16	Validated telephone-administered 24 h recall SSB: soda & sugary drinks	No significant reduction in SSB consumption
Singhal et al. (2010)⁽ ¹⁰⁵ ⁾ India	Healthy eating & physical activity intervention	Healthy adolescents	Design: RCT Global rating: moderate	n 209 % ♂: 59·8 M age: 16·0 years Grade: 11	Educational/behavioural Theory: none	Exp.: 2, 5, 16, 33, 48, 59 Cont.: none	Self-administered questionnaire SSB: soft drinks	Significant reduction in % of adolescents consuming soft drinks at least 3 times/week in the experimental group (P=0·001)
Smith et al. (2014)⁽ ¹⁰⁰ ⁾ Australia	Healthy eating & physical activity intervention	Low-SES adolescent boys at risk for obesity	Design: cluster RCT Global rating: weak	n 361 % ♂: 100 M age: 12·7 (sd 0·5) years Secondary schools	Educational/behavioural Theory: SCT, SDT	Exp.: 2, 16, 33, 46, 51, 59, 63, 66, 68, 72, 77 Cont.: none	Self-administered questionnaire SSB: NR	Significant group × time effect on SSB consumption (P=0·01)
Smith & Holloman (2014)⁽ ⁸⁸ ⁾ USA	Intervention aimed at reducing SSB consumption	Mainly low-SES adolescents	Design: one-group pre–post Global rating: weak	n 186 % ♂: 39·2 M age: 15·9 (sd 1·8) years Grades: 9–12	Educational/behavioural Theory: none	Exp.: 16, 33, 65 Cont.: N/A	Self-administered questionnaire & food record SSB: soft drinks, fruit drinks, sports drinks, energy drinks, sweetened tea & coffee	Significant reduction in frequency & quantity of SSB consumed at 30 d follow-up (P<0·05)
Teufel & Ritenbaugh (1998)⁽ ⁸⁹ ⁾ USA	Healthy eating & physical activity intervention	Native American adolescents	Design: one-group pre–post Global rating: weak	n 119 % ♂: 44·5 M age: 17·2 (sd 4·0) years Grades: 9–12	Educational/behavioural & legislative/environmental Theory: none	Exp.: 5, 16, 33, 68 Cont.: N/A	24 h recall SSB: soft drinks & fruit drinks	Significant reduction in % of SSB consumed (P<0·05)
Thiele & Boushey (1989)⁽ ⁹⁰ ⁾ USA	Intervention aimed at reducing SSB consumption	Eskimo adolescents	Design: quasi-experimental Global rating: weak	n 374 % ♂: NR Age: NR Grades: 7–12	Educational/behavioural Theory: none	Exp.: 16 Cont.: none	Interviewer-administered 24 h recall SSB: soft drinks & fruit drinks	Significant reduction in SSB consumption in one of the two experimental groups (P=0·001)
Whittemore et al. (2013)⁽ ⁹¹ ⁾ USA	Healthy eating & physical activity intervention	Healthy adolescents	Design: RCT Global rating: weak	n 384 % ♂: 38·0 M age: 15·3 (sd 0·7) years High schools	Educational/behavioural Theory: SLT, TIT	Exp.: 2, 16, 41, 46, 51, 54, 57, 63, 66, 68, 72, 82 Cont.: 16, 46, 51, 54, 57, 63, 66, 68, 72, 82	Self-administered questionnaire SSB: soda & fruit drinks	Significant reduction in SSB consumption in both groups (P<0·01)
Winett et al. (1999)⁽ ⁹² ⁾ USA	Healthy eating & physical activity intervention	Adolescent girls from medically underserved areas	Design: quasi-experimental Global rating: weak	n 180 % ♂: 0 M age: 15·4 years Grades: 9 & 10	Educational/behavioural Theory: SCT	Exp.: 16, 46, 47, 51, 54, 66, 71 Cont.: none	Self-administered 24 h recall & FFQ SSB: soda	Significant group × time effect on soda consumption (P<0·05)
Wing et al. (2015)⁽ ¹⁰⁴ ⁾ China	Intervention aimed at promoting sleep	Healthy adolescents	Design: cluster RCT Global rating: weak	n 5219 % ♂: 39·0 M age: 14·7 years Grades: 7–11	Educational/behavioural Theory: none	Exp.: 16, 33, 41, 50, 51 Cont.: none	Self-administered questionnaire SSB: energy drinks	Significant difference in incidence of energy drinks consumption in experimental v. control group (P<0·05)
Woodward-Lopez et al. (2010)⁽ ⁹³ ⁾ USA	Evaluate the impact of school policies on SSB	Low-SES adolescents	Design: one-group pre–post Global rating: weak	n 3527 % ♂: NR Age: NR Grades: 7 & 9	Legislative/environmental Theory: N/A	Exp.: 5 Cont.: N/A	Self-administered questionnaire SSB: soda & sports drinks	Significant reduction in % of adolescents consuming sodas at school (P<0·01)
Wordell et al. (2012)⁽ ⁹⁴ ⁾ USA	Evaluate the impact of changes in the school food environment	Low-SES adolescents	Design: quasi-experimental Global rating: weak	n 2292 % ♂: 51·0 Age: NR Grades: 7 & 8	Legislative/environmental Theory: N/A	Exp.: 5 Cont.: none	Self-administered FFQ SSB: energy drinks & sweet drinks	No significant reduction in SSB consumption
Yildirim et al. (2013)⁽ ¹⁰⁷ ⁾ The Netherlands	Healthy eating & physical activity intervention	Low-educational-level adolescents	Design: RCT Global rating: weak	n 1108 % ♂: 46·7 M age: 12·8 years Grade: NR	Educational/behavioural & legislative/environmental Theory: SRT, EnRG framework (DPT, ANGELO model, TPB, Habit theory)	Exp.: 2, 5, 16, 46, 48, 51, 54, 57, 63, 66, 68, 73 Cont.: none	Self-administered questionnaire SSB: soft drinks, lemonade, energy drinks & iced tea	Significant reduction in SSB consumption (P<0·001)

SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage; SES, socio-economic status; RCT, randomised controlled trial; n, number of participants; ♂, male students; NR, not reported; M, mean; N/A, not applicable; SCT, Social Cognitive Theory; TPB, Theory of Planned Behaviour; EM, Ecological Model; DIT, Diffusion Innovation Theory; TTM, Transtheoretical Model; PM, Proactive Model; SM, Solution Model; ET, Empowerment Theory; SDT, Self-Determination Theory; ELM, Elaboration Likelihood Model; CTL, Constructivist Theory of Learning; SLT, Social Learning Theory; TIT, Theory of Interactive Technology; SRT, Self-Regulation Theory; EnRG, Environmental Research framework for weight Gain prevention; DPT, Dual-Process Theory; ANGELO, ANalysis Grid for Environments Linked to Obesity; Exp., experimental group; Cont., control group.

Global rating of the quality of studies was performed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies⁽ ⁷¹ ⁾.

^†

The numbers refer to those used in the Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy of Cane et al.⁽ ⁵³ ⁾ (listed in online supplementary material, Supplemental File 2) and in cases where there is an active control group, differencing techniques are presented in bold font.