Table 2.
Characteristics and factors associated with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among 6–24-month-old underweight children living in an urban slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh, November 2009–February 2012; multinomial logistic regression analysis with sufficient serum vitamin D status as reference (n 468)
| Serum vitamin D status | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insufficient | Deficient | |||||||||||||
| Sufficient | Insufficient | Deficient | Unadjusted | Adjusted† | Unadjusted | Adjusted† | ||||||||
| Indicator | % | n | % | n | % | n | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI |
| Age group (months)‡ | ||||||||||||||
| 12–17 | 27·8 | 30 | 30·8 | 61 | 34·6 | 56 | 1·3 | 0·8, 2·3 | 1·1 | 0·6, 2·1 | 2·2* | 1·2, 4·1 | 1·7 | 0·9, 3·4 |
| 18–24 | 23·1 | 25 | 29·3 | 58 | 38·3 | 62 | 1·5 | 0·9, 2·8 | 1·4 | 0·7, 2·6 | 3·0* | 1·6, 5·5 | 2·9* | 1·5, 5·7 |
| Female‡ | 43·5 | 47 | 49·0 | 97 | 53·7 | 87 | 1·2 | 0·8, 2·0 | 1·3 | 0·8, 2·1 | 1·5 | 0·9, 2·4 | 1·6 | 0·9, 2·7 |
| Season of vitamin D measurement‡ | ||||||||||||||
| Autumn | 28·7 | 31 | 22·2 | 44 | 11·7 | 19 | 1·1 | 0·5, 2·1 | 1·0 | 0·5, 2·1 | 1·0 | 0·4, 2·2 | 0·9 | 0·4, 2·3 |
| Winter | 29·6 | 32 | 40·4 | 80 | 38·3 | 62 | 1·9 | 1·0, 3·6 | 1·8 | 0·9, 3·4 | 3·0* | 1·5, 6·4 | 3·0* | 1·4, 6·4 |
| Spring | 14·7 | 16 | 18·2 | 36 | 38·9 | 63 | 1·7 | 0·8, 3·7 | 1·6 | 0·7, 3·5 | 6·3* | 2·8, 14·2 | 6·9* | 3·0, 16·1 |
| More than one sibling‡ | 58·3 | 63 | 64·1 | 127 | 53·7 | 87 | 1·3 | 0·8, 2·1 | 1·4 | 0·8, 2·4 | 0·8 | 0·5, 1·3 | 0·8 | 0·5, 1·4 |
| Family size >5 family members‡ | 25·0 | 27 | 30·3 | 60 | 22·8 | 37 | 1·3 | 0·8, 2·2 | 1·4 | 0·8, 2·5 | 0·9 | 0·5, 1·6 | 0·9 | 0·5, 1·7 |
| Mother’s education‡ | ||||||||||||||
| 1–5 years | 45·4 | 49 | 50·0 | 99 | 40·7 | 66 | 1·6 | 0·9, 2·8 | 1·9* | 1·0, 3·6 | 1·1 | 0·6, 2·0 | 1·1 | 0·6, 2·2 |
| ≥6 years | 23·1 | 25 | 28·3 | 56 | 33·9 | 55 | 1·8 | 0·9, 3·4 | 2·6* | 1·2, 5·5 | 1·8 | 0·9, 3·5 | 2·2* | 1·0, 4·9 |
| Household wealth index‡ | ||||||||||||||
| Second quintile | 21·3 | 23 | 23·7 | 47 | 23·5 | 38 | 1·1 | 0·6, 2·1 | 1·0 | 0·5, 2·0 | 1·0 | 0·5, 2·0 | 1·0 | 0·5, 2·1 |
| Middle quintile | 22·2 | 24 | 20·2 | 40 | 17·9 | 29 | 0·9 | 0·5, 1·8 | 0·7 | 0·3, 1·4 | 0·7 | 0·4, 1·5 | 0·6 | 0·3, 1·4 |
| Fourth quintile | 13·9 | 15 | 18·2 | 36 | 18·5 | 30 | 1·3 | 0·6, 2·7 | 0·9 | 0·4, 2·1 | 1·2 | 0·6, 2·6 | 1·1 | 0·5, 2·9 |
| Highest quintile | 13·9 | 15 | 9·1 | 18 | 8·6 | 14 | 0·6 | 0·3, 1·5 | 0·4 | 0·1, 0·98 | 0·6 | 0·2, 1·3 | 0·4 | 0·1, 1·2 |
| Did not drink any animal or powdered milk in last 24 h‡ | 63·0 | 68 | 68·2 | 135 | 72·8 | 118 | 1·3 | 0·8, 2·1 | 1·2 | 0·7, 2·0 | 1·6 | 0·9, 2·7 | 1·3 | 0·7, 2·3 |
| Did not consume any animal protein in last 24 h‡ | 55·6 | 60 | 47·0 | 95 | 42·0 | 68 | 0·7 | 0·5, 1·2 | 0·8 | 0·5, 1·3 | 0·6* | 0·4, 0·9 | 0·7 | 0·4, 1·2 |
| Serum retinol mild deficiency or normal status (≥0·7 µmol/l)‡ | 64·8 | 70 | 58·1 | 115 | 56·8 | 92 | 0·7 | 0·5, 1·2 | x | 0·7 | 0·4, 1·2 | x | ||
| Serum Zn sufficiency (≥9·9 µmol/l)‡ | 85·2 | 92 | 82·3 | 163 | 74·1 | 120 | 0·8 | 0·4, 1·5 | x | 0·5* | 0·3, 0·9 | x | ||
*P<0·05.
Adjusted for child age group, child sex, season of vitamin D measurement, number of siblings, family size, mother’s education, household wealth index, consumption of any diary product and animal protein.
Reference values for independent variables: 6–11 months; male; summer; number of siblings ≤1, illiterate mother; family size ≤5 members, lowest asset quintile; consumption of animal or powered milk; consumption of any animal protein; serum retinol moderate to severe deficiency; and serum Zn deficiency.