Table 3.
Characteristics and factors associated with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among 6–24-month-old normal-weight children living in an urban slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh, November 2009–February 2012; multinomial logistic regression analysis with sufficient serum vitamin D status as reference (n 445)
| Serum vitamin D status | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insufficient | Deficient | |||||||||||||
| Sufficient | Insufficient | Deficient | Unadjusted | Adjusted† | Unadjusted | Adjusted† | ||||||||
| Indicator | % | n | % | n | % | n | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI |
| Age group (months) (P=0·055)‡ | ||||||||||||||
| 12–17 | 25·8 | 17 | 27·8 | 49 | 31·5 | 64 | 1·4 | 0·7, 2·8 | 1·2 | 0·6, 2·5 | 1·5 | 0·8, 2·9 | 1·1 | 0·5, 2·2 |
| 18–24 | 7·6 | 5 | 22·2 | 39 | 15·8 | 32 | 3·9* | 1·4, 10·6 | 3·6* | 1·2, 10·6 | 2·6 | 0·96, 7·2 | 2·2 | 0·8, 6·4 |
| Female‡ | 47·0 | 31 | 50·6 | 89 | 47·3 | 96 | 1·1 | 0·6–2·0 | 1·3 | 0·7, 2·4 | 1·0 | 0·6–1·8 | 1·1 | 0·6, 1·9 |
| Season of vitamin D measurement‡ | ||||||||||||||
| Autumn | 25·8 | 17 | 14·8 | 26 | 12·3 | 25 | 0·5 | 0·2, 1·2 | 0·4* | 0·1, 0·9 | 0·5 | 0·2, 1·3 | 0·4 | 0·2, 1·1 |
| Winter | 31·8 | 21 | 43·2 | 76 | 42·9 | 87 | 1·1 | 0·5, 2·5 | 1·0 | 0·4, 2·4 | 1·4 | 0·6, 3·3 | 1·3 | 0·5, 3·2 |
| Spring | 25·8 | 17 | 21·6 | 38 | 29·1 | 59 | 0·7 | 0·3, 1·6 | 0·6 | 0·2, 1·5 | 1·2 | 0·5, 2·8 | 1·1 | 0·5, 2·8 |
| More than one sibling‡ | 66·7 | 44 | 60·2 | 106 | 62·1 | 126 | 0·8 | 0·4, 1·4 | 0·6 | 0·3, 1·2 | 0·8 | 0·4, 1·5 | 0·8 | 0·4, 1·5 |
| Family size >5 family members‡ | 27·3 | 18 | 23·3 | 41 | 22·2 | 45 | 0·8 | 0·4, 1·5 | 0·6 | 0·3, 1·3 | 0·8 | 0·4, 1·4 | 0·6 | 0·3, 1·3 |
| Mother’s education‡ | ||||||||||||||
| 1–5 years | 51·5 | 34 | 43·7 | 77 | 38·9 | 79 | 1·1 | 0·5, 2·4 | 0·8 | 0·4, 1·9 | 1·2 | 0·6, 2·7 | 1·1 | 0·5, 2·5 |
| ≥6 years | 27·3 | 18 | 40·3 | 71 | 48·3 | 98 | 2·0 | 0·9, 4·5 | 1·0 | 0·4, 2·8 | 2·9* | 1·3, 6·7 | 2·1 | 0·8, 5·5 |
| Household wealth index‡ | ||||||||||||||
| Second quintile | 19·7 | 13 | 15·3 | 27 | 17·2 | 35 | 1·0 | 0·4, 2·9 | 1·2 | 0·4, 3·8 | 1·3 | 0·5, 3·7 | 1·3 | 0·4, 4·0 |
| Middle quintile | 28·8 | 19 | 14·8 | 26 | 21·2 | 43 | 0·7 | 0·2, 1·8 | 0·8 | 0·3, 2·3 | 1·1 | 0·4, 3·0 | 1·2 | 0·4, 3·3 |
| Fourth quintile | 21·2 | 14 | 26·1 | 46 | 21·2 | 43 | 1·6 | 0·6, 4·5 | 2·0 | 0·7, 6·1 | 1·5 | 0·6, 4·2 | 1·4 | 0·5, 4·4 |
| Highest quintile | 16·7 | 11 | 33·5 | 59 | 31·5 | 64 | 2·7 | 0·9, 7·5 | 3·7* | 1·1, 12·5 | 2·9* | 1·0, 8·1 | 2·7 | 0·8, 8·8 |
| Did not drink any animal or powdered milk in last 24 h‡ | 47·0 | 31 | 55·0 | 97 | 56·2 | 114 | 1·4 | 0·8, 2·4 | 1·6 | 0·9, 3·1 | 1·4 | 0·8, 2·5 | 1·7 | 0·9, 3·1 |
| Did not consume any animal protein in last 24 h‡ | 60·6 | 40 | 51·7 | 91 | 48·8 | 99 | 0·7 | 0·4, 1·2 | 1·0 | 0·5, 2·0 | 0·6 | 0·3, 1·1 | 0·9 | 0·5, 1·6 |
| Serum retinol mild deficiency or normal status (≥0·7 µmol/l)‡ | 68·2 | 45 | 67·0 | 118 | 64·0 | 130 | 0·9 | 0·5, 1·7 | x | 0·8 | 0·5, 1·5 | x | ||
| Serum Zn sufficiency (≥9·9 µmol/l)‡ | 72·7 | 48 | 86·4 | 152 | 85·2 | 173 | 2·4* | 1·2, 4·7 | x | 2·2* | 1·1, 4·2 | x | ||
*P<0·05.
Adjusted for child age group, child sex, season of vitamin D measurement, number of siblings, family size, mother’s education, household wealth index, consumption of any diary product and animal protein.
Reference values for independent variables: 6–11 months; male; summer; number of siblings ≤1, illiterate mother; family size ≤5 members, lowest asset quintile; consumption of animal or powered milk; consumption of any animal protein; serum retinol moderate to severe deficiency; and serum Zn deficiency.