Table 1.
Description of the study population by census region; Samoan island of Upolu, June–August 2015
| Total (n 305) | Apia Urban Area (n 100) | Northwest Upolu (n 102) | Rest of Upolu (n 103) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | %* or mean | sd | %* or mean | sd | %* or mean | sd | %* or mean | sd | P † |
| Child | |||||||||
| Age (months) | 0·941 | ||||||||
| 24–35 | 40·0 | 43·0 | 38·2 | 38·8 | |||||
| 36–47 | 33·8 | 33·0 | 33·3 | 35·0 | |||||
| 48–59 | 26·2 | 24·0 | 28·4 | 26·2 | |||||
| Female | 48·5 | 53·0 | 49·0 | 43·7 | 0·412 | ||||
| First child | 24·6 | 23·0 | 26·5 | 24·3 | 0·845 | ||||
| Birth weight (kg)‡ | 3·6 | 0·5 | 3·6 | 0·6 | 3·6 | 0·5 | 3·6 | 0·6 | 0·868 |
| Ever breast-fed | 68·2 | 71·0 | 72·6 | 61·2 | 0·165 | ||||
| Illness in the past 3 weeks | 9·5 | 12·0 | 10·8 | 5·8 | 0·281 | ||||
| Deworming medication use in the past 3 weeks | 19·5 | 25·3 | 17·8 | 15·7 | 0·201 | ||||
| Ate breakfast daily in the past week | 66·2 | 64·0 | 65·7 | 68·9 | 0·751 | ||||
| Fruit consumption (times/week) | 7·3 | 6·6 | 6·9 | 5·5 | 6·0 | 4·9 | 9·0 | 8·4 | 0·003 |
| Vegetable consumption (times/week) | 7·5 | 5·7 | 6·4 | 5·2 | 7·0 | 5·4 | 9·2 | 6·1 | 0·001 |
| Sweetened fruit juice consumption (times/week) | 0·2 | 0·7 | 0·3 | 0·8 | 0·3 | 0·8 | 0·1 | 0·4 | 0·150 |
| Frozen dessert consumption (times/week) | 1·8 | 1·8 | 2·1 | 2·2 | 1·7 | 1·5 | 1·6 | 1·4 | 0·059 |
| Night-time sleep (h/d) | 9·5 | 1·0 | 9·7 | 1·4 | 9·5 | 0·9 | 9·3 | 0·7 | 0·034 |
| Total screen time (min/d)‡ | 79·9 | 55·9 | 90·5 | 60·0 | 61·5 | 47·7 | 87·9 | 55·2 | <0·001 |
| Physical activity score (NPAQ)§ | 0·014 | ||||||||
| Tertile 1 (mean=24·1, sd=3·8) | 35·7 | 34·0 | 43·1 | 30·1 | |||||
| Tertile 2 (mean=29·1, sd=0·7) | 27·5 | 26·0 | 33·3 | 23·3 | |||||
| Tertile 3 (mean=32·0, sd=1·2) | 36·7 | 40·0 | 23·5 | 46·6 | |||||
| Mother | |||||||||
| Age (years) | 33·9 | 9·6 | 34·9 | 10·3 | 34·6 | 9·4 | 32·0 | 8·9 | 0·054 |
| High-school graduate | 60·3 | 70·0 | 62·8 | 48·5 | 0·007 | ||||
| Married or cohabitating | 76·1 | 72·0 | 76·5 | 79·6 | 0·443 | ||||
| Overweight/obese (BMI≥26 kg/m2) | 87·2 | 90·0 | 85·3 | 86·4 | 0·579 | ||||
| Anaemia (Hb>120 g/l) | 22·7 | 19·0 | 15·7 | 33·3 | 0·006 | ||||
| Household | |||||||||
| Annual income less than $10000 tala | 78·3 | 66·7 | 83·3 | 84·5 | 0·003 | ||||
| Material lifestyle score║ | <0·001 | ||||||||
| Quartile 1 (mean=1·3, sd=0·8) | 20·7 | 15·0 | 24·5 | 22·3 | |||||
| Quartile 2 (mean=3·5, sd=0·5) | 22·3 | 17·0 | 22·6 | 27·2 | |||||
| Quartile 3 (mean=5·9, sd=0·8) | 31·8 | 26·0 | 33·3 | 35·9 | |||||
| Quartile 4 (mean=10·5, sd=2·8) | 25·3 | 42·0 | 19·6 | 14·6 | |||||
| Community spirit | 0·033 | ||||||||
| Weak | 2·3 | 3·0 | 0·0 | 3·9 | |||||
| Average | 48·4 | 49·5 | 56·9 | 38·8 | |||||
| Strong | 49·3 | 47·5 | 43·1 | 57·3 | |||||
Percentages may not sum to 100 % due to missing data.
P values for ANOVA F test (for continuous variables) or χ 2 test (for categorical variables).
Total screen time is the sum of the reported minutes spent watching television, on the computer or on the phone.
Physical activity score is the sum of items from the Netherlands Physical Activity Questionnaire for Young Children (NPAQ). The score is out of a maximum of 35, with higher scores indicating greater physical activity.
Material lifestyle score is a sum of consumer durables owned (fridge, freezer, stereo, portable stereo, microwave oven, rice cooker, blender, sewing machine, television, VCR/DVD, couch, washing machine, landline telephone, computer/laptop, tablet, electric fan, air conditioner and motor vehicle). The score is out of a maximum of 18, with higher scores indicating higher material lifestyle.