Table 3.
The associations of birth weight standard deviation score (SDS) with diet quality, food consumption, energy and nutrient intakes, and eating frequency at the age of 6–8 years (n 278), the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) study, Kuopio, Finland, 2007–2009
| Birth weight SDS* | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| β | 95 % CI | P value | |
| Diet quality | |||
| Finnish Children Healthy Eating Index | −0·15 | 0·28, −0·03 | 0·019 |
| Food consumption | |||
| High-fibre grain products (g/MJ) | −0·05 | −0·18, 0·07 | 0·418 |
| Low-fibre grain products (g/MJ) | 0·04 | −0·09, 0·17 | 0·557 |
| Potatoes (g/MJ) | −0·07 | −0·20, 0·06 | 0·277 |
| Vegetables (g/MJ) | −0·08 | −0·18, 0·04 | 0·234 |
| Fruit and berries (g/MJ) | −0·13 | −0·25, 0·00 | 0·048 |
| Skimmed milk (g/MJ) | −0·06 | −0·19, 0·07 | 0·392 |
| Milk. ≥1 % fat (g/MJ) | −0·02 | −0·14, 0·10 | 0·761 |
| Low-fat sour milk products, <1 % fat (g/MJ) | 0·08 | −0·04, 0·21 | 0·193 |
| Sour milk products, ≥1 % fat (g/MJ) | 0·07 | −0·06, 0·19 | 0·312 |
| Cheese (g/MJ) | 0·02 | −0·10, 0·14 | 0·732 |
| Red meat (g/MJ) | −0·02 | −0·15, 0·10 | 0·718 |
| Sausages (g/MJ) | 0·11 | −0·02, 0·22 | 0·097 |
| Poultry (g/MJ) | 0·00 | −0·13, 0·14 | 0·949 |
| Fish (g/MJ) | −0·07 | −0·20, 0·06 | 0·304 |
| Vegetable oils (g/MJ) | 0·01 | −0·13, 0·14 | 0·913 |
| Vegetable oil-based margarines, 60–80 % fat (g/MJ) | −0·08 | −0·21, 0·04 | 0·212 |
| Vegetable oil-based margarines, <60 % fat (g/MJ) | −0·07 | −0·21, 0·05 | 0·245 |
| Butter or butter–oil mixtures (g/MJ) | 0·05 | −0·08, 0·18 | 0·434 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages (g/MJ) | 0·06 | −0·07, 0·19 | 0·343 |
| Fruit juices (g/MJ) | 0·02 | −0·11, 0·16 | 0·748 |
| Sweets and chocolate (g/MJ) | 0·12 | −0·05, 0·24 | 0·060 |
| Energy and nutrient intakes | |||
| Energy (MJ) | 0·17 | 0·05, 0·29 | 0·008 |
| Total fat (E%) | −0·02 | −0·14, 0·11 | 0·787 |
| SFA (E%) | 0·05 | −0·07, 0·18 | 0·417 |
| MUFA (E%) | 0·00 | −0·12, 0·12 | 0·990 |
| PUFA (E%) | −0·11 | −0·24, 0·01 | 0·076 |
| Protein (E%) | −0·09 | −0·22, 0·04 | 0·156 |
| Carbohydrates (E%) | 0·06 | −0·07, 0·19 | 0·345 |
| Sucrose (E%) | 0·19 | 0·06, 0·32 | 0·004 |
| Fibre (g/MJ) | −0·14 | −0·26, −0·01 | 0·036 |
| Eating frequency | |||
| Number of main meals daily | 0·07 | −0·05, 0·20 | 0·256 |
| Number of snacks daily | 0·08 | −0·05, 0·20 | 0·245 |
E%, percentage of energy intake.
Data are standardized regression coefficients (β), 95 % CI and P values from linear regression models adjusted for gestational age, age and BMI-SDS at dietary data collection, and sex when appropriate, maternal age at birth, number of previous births, smoking during pregnancy, BMI before pregnancy and gestational diabetes, and parental education and household income. The threshold of statistical significance with Bonferroni correction is 0·002.
Calculated based on Finnish references( 12 ).