. 2017 May 10;20(11):1993–2003. doi: 10.1017/S1368980017000593

Table 2.

Summary of the cost-effectiveness of salt reductions, as incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) in international dollars (Intl.S) in 2015

Intervention	ICER (Intl.$; 2015)^*	Time horizon	Perspective	Population	Reference
Outcome measurement as cost per QALY
Not specified	−109 324 to −63 119/QALY^†	10 years	HS	USA	⁽ ⁴¹ ⁾
Sodium tax	−19 000/QALY	LL	SC	USA	⁽ ⁴³ ⁾
Voluntary salt reduction	−17 243/QALY	LL	SC	USA	⁽ ⁴³ ⁾
Mandatory salt reduction	−9370/QALY	LL	HS	Australia	⁽ ³⁷ ⁾
Mandatory salt reduction	−4534/QALY	10 years	HS	England/Wales	⁽ ³⁹ ⁾
Mandatory salt reduction	−3933 to −3893/QALY^‡	LL	HS	New Zealand	⁽ ³⁴ ⁾
Mandatory salt reduction in packaged foods, fast foods/restaurants or different food categories	−3861 to −3545/QALY	LL	HS	New Zealand	⁽ ³³ ⁾
Mandatory salt reduction in bread	−3798 to −3610/QALY	LL	HS	New Zealand	⁽ ³² ⁾
Voluntary salt reduction in packaged foods, fast foods/restaurants or different food categories	−3774 to −2707/QALY	LL	HS	New Zealand	⁽ ³³ ⁾
Cap-and-trade approach	−3755/QALY	LL	HS	New Zealand	⁽ ³⁴ ⁾
Combination of salt awareness campaign, voluntary salt reduction and labelling	−3690/QALY	LL	HS	New Zealand	⁽ ³⁴ ⁾
Salt tax	−3660/QALY	LL	HS	New Zealand	⁽ ³⁴ ⁾
Salt substitution	−3657 to −3642/QALY	LL	HS	New Zealand	⁽ ³² ⁾
Salt awareness campaign	−3399/QALY	LL	HS	New Zealand	⁽ ³⁴ ⁾
Labelling	−3072/QALY	LL	HS	New Zealand	⁽ ³⁴ ⁾
Not specified	−7/QALY	20 years	SC	Finland	⁽ ⁴⁰ ⁾
Dietary advice	24 625/QALY	LL	HS	New Zealand	⁽ ³⁴ ⁾
Outcome measurement as cost per LYG
Labelling	−316 870/LYG	10 years	SC	England	⁽ ³⁵ ⁾
Voluntary salt reduction	−62 896/LYG	10 years	SC	England	⁽ ³⁵ ⁾
Mandatory salt reduction	−54 270/LYG	10 years	SC	England	⁽ ³⁵ ⁾
Sodium tax	−29 702/LYG	LL	SC	USA	⁽ ⁴³ ⁾
Voluntary salt reduction	−26 966/LYG	LL	SC	USA	⁽ ⁴³ ⁾
Salt awareness campaign	−14 967/LYG	10 years	SC	Turkey	⁽ ³⁶ ⁾
Labelling	−8375/LYG	10 years	SC	Turkey	⁽ ³⁶ ⁾
Mandatory salt reduction	−7747/LYG	10 years	SC	Turkey	⁽ ³⁶ ⁾
Mandatory salt reduction	−6187/LYG	10 years	HS	England/Wale	⁽ ³⁹ ⁾
Combination of mandatory salt reduction, salt awareness campaign and/or labelling	−5879/LYG to −3797/LYG^§	10 years	SC	Turkey	⁽ ³⁶ ⁾
Combination of health promotion, salt reduction in processed foods, labelling and taxes	−3250/LYG	LL	SC	Norway	⁽ ⁴⁵ ⁾
Outcome measurement as cost per DALY
Voluntary salt reduction	−10 274/DALY	LL	HS	Australia	⁽ ⁴² ⁾
Mandatory salt reduction	−9798/DALY	LL	HS	Australia	⁽ ⁴² ⁾
Mandatory salt reduction	−7965/DALY	LL	HS	Australia	⁽ ³⁷ ⁾
Voluntary salt reduction	−6042 to −6017/DALY^†	10 years	HS	England	⁽ ³⁸ ⁾
Dietary advice (>55 years)	−3226/DALY	10 years	HS	England	⁽ ³⁸ ⁾
Mandatory salt reduction	315/DALY	100 years	SC	Europe^¶	⁽ ⁴⁴ ⁾
Voluntary salt reduction	584/DALY	100 years	SC	Europe^¶	⁽ ⁴⁴ ⁾
Dietary advice (>115 and >140 mmHg)	77 632 to 303 918/DALY║	LL	HS	Australia	⁽ ⁴² ⁾

QALY, quality-adjusted life years; LYG, life years gained; DALY, disability-adjusted life years; LL, lifelong; HS, health system; SC, society.

Transforming ICER into Intl.$ 2015 is based on point estimates of base scenarios in original studies; confidence intervals or results of sensitivity analyses were not considered.

^†

Depending on assumed effectiveness.

^‡

Depending on included types of processed foods.

^§

Depending on included measures.

^║

Depending on target group.

^¶

European sub-region with very low mortality rates.