Table 1.
Food deprivation and the food price–wage disconnect in twenty-one EU countries, 2004–2012. (Data from EuroStat( 17 ) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development( 26 ) databases)
| Percentage point change in food deprivation (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
| Variable | β | se | β | se | β | se |
| Per 1 % rise in food prices above rise in wages | 0·060** | 0·017 | 0·062** | 0·017 | 0·060** | 0·014 |
| $US 100 annual increase in GDP per capita | 0·009 | 0·007 | 0·029* | 0·014 | ||
| 1 percentage point rise in unemployment rate | 0·383** | 0·114 | ||||
| Country-years | 166 | 166 | 166 | |||
| Countries | 21 | 21 | 21 | |||
| R 2 | 0·16 | 0·17 | 0·28 | |||
GDP, gross domestic product.
Constant (which in a difference model estimates the average annual change in food deprivation) is estimated but not shown. se are calculated to account for repeated observations within the same country. Countries included were Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the UK.
*P<0·05, **P<0·01.