Table 2.

Food deprivation, poverty and the food price–wage disconnect in twenty-one EU countries, 2004–2012. (Data from EuroStat^{( 17 )} and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development^{( 26 )} databases)

	Percentage point change in food deprivation (%)
	Above poverty line		Below poverty line
Variable	β	se	β	se
Per 1 % rise in food prices above rise in wages	0·044**	0·011	0·127**	0·023
$US 100 annual increase in GDP per capita	0·025**	0·010	0·039	0·021
1 percentage point rise in unemployment rate	0·294**	0·108	0·591*	0·165
Country-years	166		166
Countries	21		21
R 2	0·20		0·22

GDP, gross domestic product.

Constant (which in a difference model estimates the average annual change in food deprivation) is estimated but not shown. se are calculated to account for repeated observations within the same country. Countries included were Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the UK. Poverty line is defined as 60 % of median household income.

*P<0·05, **P<0·01.