Table 2.
Selected child, maternal and household-level characteristics by dietary factor score quintile among 305 Samoan children aged 24–59 months from the island of Upolu, June–August 2015
| Quintile 1 (n 61) | Quintile 2 (n 61) | Quintile 3 (n 61) | Quintile 4 (n 61) | Quintile 5 (n 61) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic* | % or Mean | sd | % or mean | sd | % or mean | sd | % or mean | sd | % or mean | sd | P † |
| Factor 1 (Modern) | |||||||||||
| Census region | |||||||||||
| Apia Urban Area | 27·9 | – | 29·5 | – | 27·9 | – | 34·4 | – | 44·3 | – | <0·001 |
| Northwest Upolu | 19·7 | – | 21·3 | – | 44·3 | – | 41·0 | – | 41·0 | – | |
| Rest of Upolu | 52·5 | – | 49·2 | – | 27·9 | – | 24·6 | – | 14·8 | – | |
| Child | |||||||||||
| Age (months) | 38·3 | 9·8 | 40·8 | 11·0 | 38·6 | 9·5 | 41·4 | 10·8 | 41·0 | 9·7 | 0·291 |
| Female | 39·3 | – | 52·5 | – | 65·6 | – | 49·2 | – | 36·1 | – | 0·010 |
| Height (cm) | 91·8 | 10·9 | 94·4 | 9·1 | 94·7 | 10·2 | 95·5 | 8·7 | 96·6 | 9·9 | 0·093 |
| Weight (kg) | 14·8 | 3·8 | 15·0 | 2·9 | 15·5 | 3·5 | 15·6 | 2·9 | 16·4 | 3·3 | 0·095 |
| Physical activity score | 0·101 | ||||||||||
| Tertile 1 (mean=24·1, sd=3·8) | 42·6 | – | 29·5 | – | 41·0 | – | 27·9 | – | 37·7 | – | |
| Tertile 2 (mean=29·1, sd=0·7) | 31·2 | – | 21·3 | – | 18·0 | – | 36·1 | – | 31·2 | – | |
| Tertile 3 (mean=32·0, sd=1·2) | 26·2 | – | 49·2 | – | 41·0 | – | 36·1 | – | 31·2 | – | |
| Ever breast-fed | 47·5 | – | 75·4 | – | 78·7 | – | 68·9 | – | 70·5 | – | 0·002 |
| Ate daily breakfast | 86·9 | – | 52·5 | – | 47·5 | – | 62·3 | – | 82·0 | – | <0·001 |
| Eats weekly frozen desserts | 55·7 | – | 75·4 | – | 85·3 | – | 83·6 | – | 83·6 | – | <0·001 |
| Illness in the past 3 weeks | 11·5 | – | 11·5 | – | 4·9 | – | 9·8 | – | 9·8 | – | 0·725 |
| Deworming medication use in the past 3 weeks | 24·6 | – | 13·1 | – | 8·2 | – | 18·3 | – | 33·9 | – | 0·004 |
| Mother | |||||||||||
| Age (years) | 34·4 | 9·7 | 31·4 | 8·8 | 35·1 | 9·6 | 33·4 | 10·2 | 34·9 | 9·5 | 0·193 |
| Overweight/obesity | 86·9 | – | 82·0 | – | 88·5 | – | 86·9 | – | 91·8 | – | 0·598 |
| Any anaemia | 29·5 | – | 27·9 | – | 19·7 | – | 18·0 | – | 18·3 | – | 0·371 |
| High school graduate | 44·3 | – | 55·7 | – | 65·6 | – | 65·6 | – | 70·5 | – | 0·025 |
| Married or cohabitating | 70·5 | – | 78·7 | – | 83·6 | – | 75·4 | – | 72·1 | – | 0·447 |
| Household | |||||||||||
| Material lifestyle score | 0·002 | ||||||||||
| Quartile 1 (mean=1·3, sd=0·8) | 23·0 | – | 27·9 | – | 19·7 | – | 27·9 | – | 4·9 | – | |
| Quartile 2 (mean=3·5, sd=0·5) | 34·4 | – | 26·2 | – | 14·8 | – | 18·0 | – | 18·0 | – | |
| Quartile 3 (mean=5·9, sd=0·8) | 31·2 | – | 26·2 | – | 36·1 | – | 31·2 | – | 34·4 | – | |
| Quartile 4 (mean=10·5, sd=2·8) | 11·5 | – | 19·7 | – | 29·5 | – | 23·0 | – | 42·6 | – | |
| Annual income ≥10 000 tala | 3·3 | – | 16·4 | – | 30·0 | – | 32·8 | – | 26·2 | – | <0·001 |
| Factor 2 (Neo-traditional) | |||||||||||
| Census region | |||||||||||
| Apia Urban Area | 39·3 | – | 47·5 | – | 29·5 | – | 21·3 | – | 26·2 | – | 0·019 |
| Northwest Upolu | 34·4 | – | 21·3 | – | 41·0 | – | 42·6 | – | 27·9 | – | |
| Rest of Upolu | 26·2 | – | 31·2 | – | 29·5 | – | 36·1 | – | 45·9 | – | |
| Child | |||||||||||
| Age (months) | 39·0 | 10·3 | 40·6 | 11·2 | 39·8 | 9·8 | 41·6 | 9·8 | 39·2 | 10·0 | 0·614 |
| Female | 36·1 | – | 49·2 | – | 55·7 | – | 55·7 | – | 45·9 | – | 0·164 |
| Height (cm) | 94·5 | 10·1 | 95·8 | 10·2 | 94·8 | 9·0 | 94·9 | 9·5 | 93·1 | 10·6 | 0·664 |
| Weight (kg) | 15·2 | 3·0 | 16·0 | 3·5 | 15·6 | 3·2 | 15·4 | 3·1 | 15·1 | 3·7 | 0·643 |
| Physical activity score | 0·208 | ||||||||||
| Tertile 1 (mean=24·1, sd=3·8) | 31·2 | – | 41·0 | – | 24·6 | – | 36·1 | – | 45·9 | – | |
| Tertile 2 (mean=29·1, sd=0·7) | 31·2 | – | 21·3 | – | 26·2 | – | 31·2 | – | 27·9 | – | |
| Tertile 3 (mean=32·0, sd=1·2) | 37·7 | – | 37·7 | – | 49·2 | – | 32·8 | – | 26·2 | – | |
| Ever breast-fed | 57·4 | – | 72·1 | – | 75·4 | – | 67·2 | – | 68·9 | – | 0·265 |
| Ate daily breakfast | 59·0 | – | 55·7 | – | 59·0 | – | 70·5 | – | 86·9 | – | 0·001 |
| Eats weekly frozen desserts | 83·6 | – | 91·8 | – | 78·7 | – | 68·9 | – | 60·7 | – | <0·001 |
| Illness in the past 3 weeks | 16·4 | – | 14·8 | – | 9·8 | – | 1·6 | – | 4·9 | – | 0·024 |
| Deworming medication use in the past 3 weeks | 15·3 | – | 11·7 | – | 16·4 | – | 21·3 | – | 32·8 | – | 0·035 |
| Mother | |||||||||||
| Age (years) | 33·3 | 9·7 | 35·4 | 9·9 | 31·7 | 9·7 | 33·1 | 8·2 | 35·7 | 10·2 | 0·123 |
| Overweight/obesity | 85·3 | – | 88·5 | – | 85·3 | – | 85·3 | – | 91·8 | – | 0·758 |
| Any anaemia | 16·4 | – | 20·0 | – | 36·1 | – | 14·8 | – | 26·2 | – | 0·033 |
| High school graduate | 73·8 | – | 59·0 | – | 63·9 | – | 52·5 | – | 52·5 | – | 0·087 |
| Married or cohabitating | 77·1 | – | 68·9 | – | 86·9 | – | 77·1 | – | 70·5 | – | 0·149 |
| Household | |||||||||||
| Material lifestyle score | <0·001 | ||||||||||
| Quartile 1 (mean=1·3, sd=0·8) | 3·3 | – | 14·8 | – | 8·2 | – | 44·3 | – | 32·8 | – | |
| Quartile 2 (mean=3·5, sd=0·5) | 13·1 | – | 18·0 | – | 19·7 | – | 31·2 | – | 29·5 | – | |
| Quartile 3 (mean=5·9, sd=0·8) | 39·3 | – | 27·9 | – | 44·3 | – | 16·4 | – | 31·2 | – | |
| Quartile 4 (mean=10·5, sd=2·8) | 44·3 | – | 39·3 | – | 27·9 | – | 8·2 | – | 6·6 | – | |
| Annual income ≥10 000 tala | 39·3 | – | 32·8 | – | 30·0 | – | 4·9 | – | 1·6 | – | <0·001 |
*
One missing value for maternal anaemia and household annual income, and three missing values for deworming medication use.
†
P values report significance of between-quintile ANOVA for continuous variables and χ 2 tests for categorical variables. Significant P values are indicated in bold.