Table 3.
Nutrient and food intake by household income level: average of 2 d with school lunch among 5th grade children (10–11 years old) at nineteen schools in four prefectures, Japan, September–December 2013
| Low income (n 319) | Middle income (n 194) | High income (n 323) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difference from low income | Difference from low income | |||||||||||
| Energy/nutrient/food group | Mean* | sd * | Mean* | sd * | Mean† | 95 % CI† | Mean* | sd * | Mean† | 95 % CI† | P value‡ | P for trend§ |
| Energy and nutrients | ||||||||||||
| Energy (kJ) | 8335 | 1377 | 8389 | 1314 | –21 | –268, 226 | 8556 | 1410 | 117 | –109, 339 | 0·46 | 0·28 |
| Energy (kcal) | 1992 | 329 | 2005 | 314 | −5 | −64, 54 | 2045 | 337 | 28 | −26, 81 | 0·46 | 0·28 |
| Protein (g) | 74·7 | 13·6 | 75·2 | 12·3 | −0·1 | −2·4, 2·3 | 76·6 | 13·0 | 1·0 | −1·1, 3·2 | 0·56 | 0·32 |
| Animal protein (g) | 44·0 | 10·2 | 45·1 | 9·4 | 0·5 | −1·4, 2·3 | 45·1 | 10·3 | 0·7 | −1·0, 2·4 | 0·70 | 0·42 |
| Lipids (g) | 65·0 | 15·1 | 66·4 | 15·3 | 0·4 | −2·4, 3·3 | 66·8 | 16·1 | 1·2 | −1·4, 3·8 | 0·67 | 0·38 |
| Saturated fat (g) | 21·78 | 5·67 | 22·25 | 5·92 | 0·20 | −0·86, 1·26 | 22·12 | 5·87 | 0·23 | −0·73, 1·20 | 0·88 | 0·65 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 356·3 | 127·7 | 360·1 | 125·7 | 10·4 | −12·7, 33·4 | 348·6 | 126·5 | −0·5 | −21·6, 20·5 | 0·59 | 0·88 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 270·0 | 46·6 | 269·7 | 43·6 | −2·2 | −10·6, 6·1 | 277·9 | 49·9 | 3·4 | −4·2, 11·1 | 0·38 | 0·33 |
| Dietary fibre (g) | 13·8 | 3·3 | 13·4 | 2·7 | −0·2 | −0·8, 0·3 | 14·2 | 3·2 | 0·2 | −0·3, 0·7 | 0·33 | 0·39 |
| Energy from protein (%) | 15·0 | 1·5 | 15·0 | 1·4 | 0·0 | −0·3, 0·3 | 15·1 | 1·5 | 0·0 | −0·2, 0·3 | 0·93 | 0·75 |
| Energy from fat (%) | 29·1 | 3·9 | 29·5 | 4·0 | 0·2 | −0·5, 1·0 | 29·2 | 4·3 | 0·2 | −0·5, 0·9 | 0·79 | 0·62 |
| Energy from carbohydrate (%) | 55·9 | 4·3 | 55·5 | 4·3 | −0·2 | −1·0, 0·6 | 55·7 | 4·7 | −0·2 | −0·9, 0·5 | 0·80 | 0·59 |
| Retinol activity equivalents (µg) | 585 | 174 | 605 | 270 | 13 | −39, 65 | 627 | 371 | 12 | −36, 60 | 0·85 | 0·64 |
| Vitamin D (µg) | 6·5 | 4·5 | 6·5 | 4·6 | 0·2 | −0·6, 1·0 | 7·0 | 5·0 | 0·3 | −0·5, 1·0 | 0·75 | 0·45 |
| α-Tocopherol (mg) | 6·8 | 2·0 | 6·7 | 1·8 | 0·0 | −0·3, 0·4 | 6·9 | 2·1 | 0·1 | −0·2, 0·4 | 0·77 | 0·47 |
| Vitamin K (µg) | 202 | 93 | 202 | 86 | 0·2 | −16, 17 | 210 | 89 | 0 | −15, 15 | 1·00 | 0·99 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 1·31 | 0·32 | 1·35 | 0·34 | 0·00 | −0·05, 0·05 | 1·31 | 0·33 | −0·02 | −0·69, 0·26 | 0·57 | 0·35 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1·40 | 0·38 | 1·42 | 0·31 | 0·01 | −0·05, 0·07 | 1·43 | 0·29 | 0·00 | −0·06, 0·05 | 0·89 | 0·85 |
| Niacin equivalents (mg) | 29·3 | 6·1 | 30·3 | 5·5 | 0·4 | −0·7, 1·4 | 30·3 | 6·1 | 0·4 | −0·6, 1·4 | 0·72 | 0·48 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1·32 | 0·60 | 1·33 | 0·33 | −0·01 | −0·10, 0·07 | 1·34 | 0·32 | −0·02 | −0·10, 0·06 | 0·88 | 0·63 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg) | 5·7 | 3·4 | 5·6 | 3·0 | −0·1 | −0·8, 0·5 | 6·2 | 4·3 | 0·3 | −0·2, 0·9 | 0·28 | 0·21 |
| Folate (µg) | 308 | 80 | 293 | 69 | −8 | −21, 6 | 316 | 87 | 1 | −11, 13 | 0·38 | 0·76 |
| Pantothenic acid (mg) | 7·11 | 1·37 | 7·24 | 1·30 | 0·09 | −0·15, 0·33 | 7·31 | 1·34 | 0·11 | −0·11, 0·32 | 0·62 | 0·36 |
| Biotin (µg) | 34·2 | 10·0 | 33·3 | 8·9 | 0·1 | −1·6, 1·8 | 34·6 | 11·2 | 0·0 | −1·6, 1·6 | 0·99 | 0·99 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 111 | 50 | 107 | 34 | −7 | −15, 1 | 113 | 43 | 5 | −13, 2 | 0·16 | 0·20 |
| Na (mg) | 3791 | 737 | 3866 | 747 | −13 | −145, 119 | 3910 | 728 | 28 | −92, 149 | 0·80 | 0·61 |
| K (mg) | 2652 | 536 | 2672 | 463 | −1 | −93, 91 | 2750 | 508 | 25 | −59, 109 | 0·80 | 0·54 |
| Ca (mg) | 698 | 185 | 693 | 169 | −7 | −39, 25 | 720 | 173 | 6 | −23, 35 | 0·71 | 0·63 |
| Mg (mg) | 246 | 50 | 245 | 42 | −3 | −12, 6 | 258 | 51 | 5 | −3, 13 | 0·17 | 0·19 |
| P (mg) | 1183 | 223 | 1189 | 198 | −2 | −40, 36 | 1213 | 206 | 12 | −22, 47 | 0·68 | 0·45 |
| Fe (mg) | 7·0 | 1·7 | 7·0 | 1·4 | 0·0 | −0·3, 0·3 | 7·4 | 1·9 | 0·0 | −0·1, 0·5 | 0·24 | 0·15 |
| Zn (mg) | 9·1 | 1·6 | 9·2 | 1·7 | 0·0 | −0·3, 0·4 | 9·4 | 1·9 | 0·2 | −0·1, 0·5 | 0·44 | 0·21 |
| Cu (mg) | 1·12 | 0·22 | 1·13 | 0·21 | 0·00 | −0·04, 0·04 | 1·16 | 0·24 | 0·02 | −0·02, 0·05 | 0·56 | 0·32 |
| Mn (mg) | 2·52 | 0·57 | 2·50 | 0·52 | −0·05 | −0·15, 0·06 | 2·64 | 0·63 | 0·05 | 0·05, 0·15 | 0·22 | 0·28 |
| Iodine (µg) | 806 | 1988 | 639 | 1425 | −221 | −635, 192 | 1015 | 2643 | 82 | −295, 460 | 0·33 | 0·57 |
| Food groups | ||||||||||||
| Rice, noodles, breads, cereals (g) | 412 | 85 | 424 | 84 | −5 | −21, 10 | 425 | 101 | −1 | −15, 13 | 0·79 | 0·94 |
| Potatoes (g) | 73 | 38 | 72 | 41 | 1 | −6, 7 | 70 | 37 | −4 | −9, 2 | 0·30 | 0·18 |
| Sugar (g) | 9 | 6 | 9 | 6 | 0 | −1, 2 | 9 | 9 | 1 | −1, 2 | 0·67 | 0·42 |
| Nuts and seeds (g) | 2 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 0 | −1, 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | −1, 1 | 0·90 | 0·70 |
| Green vegetables (g) | 80 | 47 | 85 | 48 | 6 | −3, 15 | 85 | 53 | 3 | −5, 11 | 0·39 | 0·57 |
| Other vegetables (g) | 175 | 58 | 173 | 54 | −5 | −14, 5 | 181 | 59 | −1 | −10, 8 | 0·60 | 0·90 |
| Fruit (g) | 89 | 75 | 94 | 78 | 0 | −15, 16 | 106 | 97 | 7 | −7, 21 | 0·53 | 0·29 |
| Mushrooms (g) | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 0 | −2, 1 | 12 | 12 | 1 | −1, 2 | 0·36 | 0·29 |
| Seaweeds (g) | 3 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 0 | −1, 1 | 4 | 8 | 1 | −1, 2 | 0·41 | 0·23 |
| Beans (g) | 41 | 35 | 38 | 32 | −1 | −7, 6 | 45 | 37 | 3 | −3, 9 | 0·44 | 0·27 |
| Fish and shellfish (g) | 50 | 37 | 50 | 36 | 1 | −1, 8 | 56 | 41 | 5 | −1, 11 | 0·20 | 0·08 |
| Meats, poultry (g) (g) | 100 | 38 | 108 | 42 | 2 | −5, 9 | 101 | 43 | 0 | −6, 7 | 0·84 | 0·94 |
| Egg (g) | 38 | 26 | 40 | 27 | 4 | −1, 9 | 37 | 26 | 0 | −4, 5 | 0·22 | 0·96 |
| Milk, dairy products (g) | 320 | 127 | 331 | 122 | 3 | −21, 27 | 333 | 131 | 3 | −19, 25 | 1·00 | 0·81 |
| Fat and oil (g) | 13 | 6 | 13 | 8 | 1 | −1, 2 | 13 | 10 | 0 | −1, 2 | 0·62 | 0·69 |
| Confectionery (g) | 35 | 40 | 28 | 33 | −7 | −14, 1 | 37 | 42 | 1 | −7, 7 | 0·12 | 0·81 |
| Drinks (g) | 161 | 156 | 181 | 171 | 12 | −20, 43 | 175 | 172 | 11 | −18, 40 | 0·69 | 0·47 |
| Seasonings (g) | 47 | 16 | 47 | 16 | −1 | −4, 2 | 48 | 18 | 0 | −3, 2 | 0·82 | 0·84 |
*
Mean and sd of nutrient and food intake are unadjusted values.
†
Mean and 95 % CI of difference from low income are values adjusted for prefecture (A, B, C, D), school (nineteen schools), sex (male and female), BMI (continuous), exercise (>5 d/week, 3–4 d/week, 1–2 d/week and 0 d/week) and food allergy (Yes, No) of the child, and parental education (less than high school, high school, college, university/graduate school, don’t know).
‡
Linear mixed-effects model was used to test difference in nutrient and food intake of children among household income levels. Adjusted for the variables above.
§
A linear trend test was used with the median value in each income group as a continuous variable in regression analysis. Adjusted for the variables above.