Table 5.
Effect of age, gender, educational level, obesity, marital status, socio-economic status, and iron and zinc intake adequacy on mean daily crude iron and zinc dietary intakes, iron-related biochemical parameters and plasma concentrations of iron and zinc in apparently healthy Serbian adults, June 2013–January 2015
| Dietary intakes | Biochemical parameters | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe (mg/d) | Zn (mg/d) | Haematocrit (l/l) | Hb(g/l) | Erythrocyte count (×1012/l) | Plasma Fe (mg/dl) | Plasma Zn (mg/dl) | ||||||||||||
| n | % | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | n | % | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | |
| Gender | ||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 128 | 17 | 11·6*** | 5·4 | 9·1*** | 4·6 | 31 | 38 | 0·4*** | 0·04 | 150·6*** | 10·9 | 5·1*** | 0·4 | 1·3* | 0·4 | 1·1* | 0·2 |
| Female | 626 | 83 | 9·5 | 4·4 | 7·3 | 3·8 | 51 | 62 | 0·4 | 0·03 | 127·1 | 11·4 | 4·5 | 0·4 | 1·3 | 0·9 | 1·0 | 0·2 |
| Age years) | ||||||||||||||||||
| 20–29 | 231 | 31 | 9·5 | 3·5 | 7·5 | 2·9 | 3 | 4 | 0·4 | 0·03 | 131·3 | 9·1 | 4·3 | 0·5 | 1·6 | 0·6 | 1·0 | 0·1 |
| 30–39 | 197 | 26 | 10·0 | 5·2 | 7·4 | 3·3 | 28 | 34 | 0·4 | 0·1 | 141·6 | 18·1 | 4·9 | 0·6 | 1·1 | 0·5 | 1·1 | 0·2 |
| 40–49 | 154 | 20 | 9·7 | 4·4 | 7·8 | 4·5 | 38 | 46 | 0·4 | 0·03 | 133·7 | 13·1 | 4·7 | 0·4 | 1·3 | 0·7 | 1·1 | 0·2 |
| 50–59 | 118 | 16 | 10·4 | 5·5 | 8·2 | 5·9 | 13 | 16 | 0·4 | 0·05 | 131·8 | 18·2 | 4·5 | 0·6 | 1·6 | 1·1 | 1·0 | 0·1 |
| 60–69 | 54 | 7 | 10·2 | 5·3 | 6·9 | 3·5 | 0 | |||||||||||
| Obesity (BMI) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Obese (≥30·0) | 79 | 10 | 10·4* | 4·7 | 8·2 | 4·3 | 26 | 32 | 0·4 | 0·04 | 138·5 | 17·8 | 4·8 | 0·6 | 1·3 | 0·4 | 1·1 | 0·2 |
| Non-obese (<30·0) | 675 | 90 | 9·8 | 3·9 | 7·6 | 3·9 | 56 | 68 | 0·4 | 0·05 | 134·9 | 15·1 | 4·7 | 0·5 | 1·2 | 0·8 | 1·1 | 0·2 |
| Fe intake adequacy | ||||||||||||||||||
| Adequate | 538 | 11·3*** | 4·7 | 8·4*** | 4·3 | 70 | 85 | 0·4* | 0·04 | 137·5* | 16·6 | 4·8 | 0·5 | 1·3 | 0·6 | 1·1 | 0·2 | |
| Inadequate | 215 | 6·3 | 1·4 | 5·5 | 1·9 | 12 | 15 | 0·4 | 0·03 | 127·4 | 7·3 | 4·5 | 0·4 | 1·3 | 1·3 | 1·1 | 0·2 | |
| Zn intake adequacy | ||||||||||||||||||
| Adequate | 360 | 11·5*** | 5·2 | 10·1*** | 4·3 | 52 | 63 | 0·4* | 0·05 | 137·1* | 16·8 | 4·8 | 0·5 | 1·3 | 0·6 | 1·0 | 0·2 | |
| Inadequate | 393 | 8·3 | 3·4 | 5·3 | 1·5 | 30 | 37 | 0·4 | 0·04 | 134·2 | 14·7 | 4·6 | 0·5 | 1·3 | 0·9 | 1·1 | 0·2 | |
| Socio-economic status | ||||||||||||||||||
| Low income | 247 | 33 | 10·5* | 5·5 | 7·5 | 3·4 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
| Affluent | 507 | 67 | 9·5 | 4·1 | 7·7 | 4·2 | 82 | 100 | 0·4 | 0·04 | 136·0 | 16·0 | 4·7 | 0·5 | 1·3 | 0·7 | 1·1 | 0·2 |
| Education | ||||||||||||||||||
| Primary | 58 | 8 | 10·5 | 5·4 | 7·2 | 3·4 | 1 | 1 | 0·4 | 125 | 4·5 | 0·6 | 1·1 | |||||
| Secondary | 443 | 59 | 9·7 | 4·7 | 7·3 | 3·0 | 17 | 21 | 0·4 | 0·04 | 132·6 | 13·7 | 4·7 | 0·4 | 1·3 | 0·6 | 1·1 | 0·2 |
| Tertiary | 253 | 34 | 9·9 | 4·2 | 8·2 | 5·3 | 64 | 78 | 0·4 | 0·05 | 137·1 | 16·6 | 4·7 | 0·5 | 1·3 | 0·7 | 1·1 | 0·2 |
| Marital status | ||||||||||||||||||
| Married | 383 | 51 | 9·9 | 4·7 | 7·7 | 4·7 | 55 | 67 | 0·4 | 0·04 | 134·6 | 16·5 | 4·7 | 0·5 | 1·3 | 0·8 | 1·1 | 0·2 |
| Single | 203 | 27 | 9·7 | 4·1 | 7·5 | 2·9 | 18 | 22 | 0·4 | 0·05 | 138·7 | 16·9 | 4·8 | 0·5 | 1·3 | 0·5 | 1·0 | 0·2 |
| Other | 168 | 22 | 10·1 | 6·2 | 7·3 | 3·3 | 9 | 11 | 0·4 | 0·03 | 139·6 | 9·9 | 4·9 | 0·4 | 1·0 | 0·3 | 1·1 | 0·2 |
Plasma Fe and Zn concentrations determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry analysis.
Between-factor comparison (using the Kruskal–Wallis test for factors with more than two categories and the Wilcoxon test for factors with two categories): *P<0·05, ***P<0·001.