Table 5.
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations according to food intake frequency and time spent on outdoor activities in children from eight Mesoamerican countries, 2011–2013
| Mean | sd | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n * | nmol/l | P † | % <50 nmol/l | P ‡ | ||
| Food intake frequency | ||||||
| Dairy§ | 0·002 | 0·63 | ||||
| <5/week | 58 | 75·0 | 15·1 | 3·5 | ||
| 5/week to <1·5/d | 61 | 76·0 | 16·5 | 6·6 | ||
| 1·5–<2·5/d | 50 | 81·8 | 18·8 | 2·0 | ||
| ≥2·5/d | 43 | 84·2 | 17·9 | 2·3 | ||
| Eggs║ | 0·51 | 0·51 | ||||
| <3/week | 41 | 78·5 | 17·4 | 2·4 | ||
| 3/week | 50 | 76·9 | 19·3 | 8·0 | ||
| 4–6/week | 67 | 79·3 | 16·5 | 3·0 | ||
| ≥1/d | 54 | 79·9 | 16·6 | 1·9 | ||
| Canned tuna/sardines¶ | 0·31 | 0·74 | ||||
| <1/month | 104 | 77·6 | 17·3 | 4·8 | ||
| 1–3/month | 43 | 81·1 | 15·3 | 0·0 | ||
| 1/week | 40 | 75·2 | 16·9 | 7·5 | ||
| ≥2/week | 25 | 85·1 | 19·9 | 0·0 | ||
| Outdoor activities | ||||||
| Time spent playing outdoors (h/week) | 0·10 | 0·64 | ||||
| <1 | 60 | 74·4 | 17·3 | 3·3 | ||
| 1–10 | 55 | 82·3 | 18·6 | 3·6 | ||
| 11–20 | 58 | 82·0 | 18·3 | 1·7 | ||
| ≥21 | 49 | 79·7 | 17·5 | 6·1 | ||
*
Totals may be less than 223 because of missing values.
†
Test for trend for ordinal variables.
‡
Cochrane–Armitage exact test for trend for ordinal variables.
§
Sum of weighted intake frequencies of milk (200 g), cheese (20 g), cream (6 g) and ice cream (60 g).
║
Sum of weighted intake frequencies of one hard boiled or fried egg (60 g).
¶
Intake of 25 g.