Table 3.
Association of dietary patterns at 4 years of age with adiposity at 7 years of age by sex (n 3473)*, Generation XXI prospective cohort study (Porto, Portugal, 2005–2006)
| Dietary pattern | Girls (n 1722) | Boys (n 1751) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adiposity at 7 years† | at 4 years | n | β | 95 % CI | n | β | 95 % CI |
| BMI Z-score | |||||||
| Model 1‡ | Healthier | 754 | Ref. | 721 | Ref. | ||
| EDF | 753 | 0·142 | 0·029, 0·256 | 780 | −0·014 | −0·135, 0·107 | |
| Snacking | 215 | −0·147 | −0·317, 0·023 | 250 | −0·125 | −0·297, 0·047 | |
| Model 2§ | Healthier | 754 | Ref. | 721 | Ref. | ||
| EDF | 753 | 0·075 | 0·009, 0·140 | 780 | −0·014 | −0·093, 0·065 | |
| Snacking | 215 | −0·010 | −0·105, 0·085 | 250 | −0·087 | −0·197, 0·023 | |
| FM% | |||||||
| Model 1‡ | Healthier | 754 | Ref. | 721 | Ref. | ||
| EDF | 753 | 0·082 | −0·019, 0·183 | 780 | −0·033 | −0·134, 0·068 | |
| Snacking | 215 | −0·068 | −0·220, 0·083 | 250 | −0·016 | −0·160, 0·128 | |
| Model 2§ | Healthier | 754 | Ref. | 721 | Ref. | ||
| EDF | 753 | 0·053 | −0·171, 0·058 | 780 | 0·008 | −0·077, 0·092 | |
| Snacking | 215 | −0·057 | −0·171, 0·058 | 250 | −0·035 | −0·153, 0·083 | |
| FMI | |||||||
| Model 1‡ | Healthier | 754 | Ref. | 721 | Ref. | ||
| EDF | 753 | 0·108 | 0·008, 0·209 | 780 | −0·024 | −0·125, 0·077 | |
| Snacking | 215 | −0·058 | −0·210, 0·093 | 250 | −0·026 | −0·170, 0·118 | |
| Model 2§ | Healthier | 754 | Ref. | 721 | Ref. | ||
| EDF | 753 | 0·071 | 0·000, 0·142 | 780 | 0·012 | −0·067, 0·090 | |
| Snacking | 215 | −0·044 | −0·147, 0·059 | 250 | −0·043 | −0·153, 0·066 | |
| WHtR | |||||||
| Model 1‡ | Healthier | 754 | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| EDF | 753 | 0·136 | 0·036, 0·237 | 721 | 0·015 | −0·087, 0·116 | |
| Snacking | 215 | −0·067 | −0·218, 0·084 | 780 | 0·011 | −0·133, 0·155 | |
| Model 2§ | Healthier | 754 | Ref. | 250 | Ref. | ||
| EDF | 753 | 0·094 | 0·023, 0·164 | 721 | 0·049 | −0·028, 0·125 | |
| Snacking | 215 | −0·007 | −0·109, 0·096 | 780 | −0·019 | −0·125, 0·087 | |
β, regression coefficient; EDF, Energy-Dense Foods dietary pattern; FM%, fat mass percentage; FMI, fat mass index; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; Ref., reference category.
Results correspond to association (a) in Fig. 1. Statistically significant associations are highlighted in bold.
All adiposity measures are in Z-score units. BMI Z-scores were defined according to the WHO’s age- and sex-specific standards. FM%, FMI and WHtR were converted into Z-scores using the sex-specific means and standard deviations observed in the study sample.
Crude.
Adjusted for maternal (education, BMI) and child (any breast-feeding, physical exercise, screen time, exact age and each adiposity measure at 4 years) characteristics.