Table 2(b).
GHGE (t dietary CO2e/year) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | ||||||
0·35–1·51 (median 1·25) | 1·51–1·81 (median 1·66) | 1·81–2·24 (median 2·02) | 2·25–4·50 (median 2·62) | ||||||
Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | P value* | |
Energy and macronutrients | |||||||||
Energy (kJ/d) | 10494 | 2664 | 9776 | 2828 | 9432 | 2998 | 10 189 | 3345 | 0·0004 |
Protein (E%)† | 16 | 3 | 16 | 3 | 17 | 3 | 19 | 4 | 0·0001 |
Protein (g/d) | 91 | 29 | 91 | 26 | 90 | 27 | 106 | 33 | 0·0001 |
Carbohydrates (E%)† | 47 | 9 | 46 | 8 | 45 | 8 | 43 | 8 | 0·0001 |
Carbohydrates (g/d) | 288 | 94 | 252 | 82 | 241 | 75 | 242 | 87 | 0·0001 |
Dietary fibre (g/1000 kJ) | 2·4 | 0·9 | 2·3 | 0·9 | 2·1 | 0·9 | 2·0 | 0·8 | 0·0001 |
Dietary fibre (g/d) | 25 | 12 | 22 | 7 | 20 | 9 | 21 | 9 | 0·0001 |
Whole grains (g/d) | 52 | 54 | 45 | 46 | 39 | 46 | 41 | 46 | 0·002 |
Added sugar (E%)† | 11 | 6 | 10 | 6 | 10 | 6 | 9 | 6 | 0·0001 |
Added sugar (g/d) | 62 | 48 | 55 | 39 | 53 | 36 | 49 | 36 | 0·0001 |
Total fat (E%)† | 35 | 8 | 35 | 8 | 37 | 8 | 36 | 8 | 0·1 |
Total fat (g/d) | 96 | 39 | 91 | 33 | 89 | 37 | 94 | 38 | 0·07 |
SFA (E%)† | 13 | 5 | 14 | 4 | 14 | 4 | 14 | 4 | 0·2 |
SFA (g/d) | 36 | 19 | 34 | 15 | 34 | 16 | 36 | 13 | 0·09 |
Cholesterol (mg/d) | 302 | 167 | 298 | 129 | 315 | 145 | 354 | 192 | 0·0001 |
MUFA (E%)† | 13 | 3 | 13 | 3 | 13 | 3 | 13 | 2 | 0·047 |
MUFA (g/d) | 35 | 16 | 34 | 12 | 33 | 14 | 35 | 14 | 0·2 |
PUFA (E%)† | 5·4 | 2·3 | 5·2 | 1·9 | 5·4 | 2·4 | 5·2 | 2·3 | 0·6 |
PUFA (g/d) | 15 | 8 | 13 | 6 | 14 | 8 | 14 | 7 | 0·02 |
n-3 FA (E%)†,‡ | 1·2 | 0·6 | 1·1 | 0·7 | 1·1 | 0·6 | 1·1 | 0·5 | 0·1 |
n-3 FA (g/d) ‡ | 3·3 | 2·0 | 2·9 | 1·7 | 2·7 | 1·6 | 2·7 | 1·4 | 0·003 |
Linoleic acid (E%)† | 4·0 | 1·7 | 3·7 | 1·4 | 3·9 | 1·9 | 3·8 | 1·8 | 0·3 |
Linoleic acid (g/d) | 11·3 | 6·5 | 9·3 | 4·4 | 10·1 | 5·8 | 10·0 | 5·4 | 0·02 |
α-Linolenic acid (E%)† | 0·9 | 0·4 | 0·9 | 0·4 | 0·9 | 0·4 | 0·9 | 0·4 | 0·5 |
α-Linolenic acid (g/d) | 2·6 | 1·5 | 2·3 | 1·4 | 2·3 | 1·3 | 2·4 | 1·1 | 0·02 |
Vitamins | |||||||||
Retinol (µg/d) | 601 | 409 | 526 | 346 | 488 | 329 | 554 | 381 | 0·04 |
β-Carotene (µg/d) | 1757 | 2080 | 1376 | 1798 | 1333 | 1831 | 1280 | 1782 | 0·2 |
Vitamin A (RE/d)§ | 855 | 491 | 729 | 446 | 745 | 383 | 750 | 428 | 0·002 |
Vitamin D (µg/d) | 8·2 | 6·9 | 6·4 | 5·9 | 5·9 | 4·6 | 6·1 | 5·4 | 0·0006 |
Vitamin E (α-TE/d)║ | 13 | 6 | 12 | 4 | 12 | 6 | 12 | 6 | 0·002 |
Thiamin (mg/d) | 1·5 | 0·5 | 1·4 | 0·5 | 1·3 | 0·4 | 1·5 | 0·5 | 0·0009 |
Riboflavin (mg/d) | 1·8 | 0·8 | 1·7 | 0·6 | 1·6 | 0·6 | 1·8 | 0·7 | 0·0002 |
Niacin (NE/d)¶ | 40 | 13 | 41 | 12 | 39 | 13 | 46 | 16 | 0·0001 |
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | 2·3 | 1·0 | 2·2 | 0·7 | 2·2 | 0·9 | 2·4 | 0·9 | 0·02 |
Folate (µg/d) | 300 | 112 | 275 | 69 | 261 | 97 | 270 | 116 | 0·0001 |
Vitamin B12 (µg/d) | 6·1 | 4·0 | 5·2 | 3·9 | 5·5 | 3·1 | 5·8 | 3·9 | 0·008 |
Vitamin C (mg/d) | 94 | 84 | 85 | 63 | 92 | 78 | 84 | 88 | 0·3 |
Minerals | |||||||||
Ca (mg/d) | 1087 | 493 | 912 | 405 | 913 | 372 | 981 | 478 | 0·0001 |
P (mg/d) | 1656 | 535 | 1552 | 414 | 1494 | 434 | 1728 | 567 | 0·0001 |
K (mg/d) | 3711 | 1171 | 3546 | 978 | 3329 | 1039 | 3713 | 1251 | 0·0004 |
Mg (mg/d) | 408 | 131 | 381 | 98 | 351 | 129 | 387 | 142 | 0·0001 |
Fe (mg/d) | 12 | 4 | 11 | 4 | 11 | 4 | 13 | 5 | 0·0001 |
Zn (mg/d) | 12 | 4 | 12 | 4 | 12 | 4 | 15 | 4 | 0·0001 |
Se (µg/d) | 52 | 24 | 49 | 21 | 49 | 23 | 53 | 27 | 0·008 |
Na (mg/d) | 3565 | 1178 | 3524 | 977 | 3587 | 1282 | 4014 | 1246 | 0·0001 |
CO2e, carbon dioxide equivalents; FA, fatty acids.
Kruskal–Wallis test.
E%, energy percentage (excluding energy from alcohol).
To calculate n-3 FA in the present study, α-linolenic acid (18 : 3n-3), EPA (20 : 5n-3) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) were summarized.
RE, retinol equivalent; 1 RE=1 μg retinol=12 μg β-carotene.
α-TE, α-tocopherol equivalents.
NE, niacin equivalents.