Table 1.
General characteristics of participants according to abdominal obesity* and sex; middle-aged adults (40–69 years), Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2013
| Male (n 4491) | Female (n 6798) | Total (n 11 289) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal WC (n 4112) | Abdominal obesity (n 379) | Normal WC (n 6189) | Abdominal obesity (n 609) | Normal WC (n 10 301) | Abdominal obesity (n 988) | ||||||||||
| Mean or % | se | Mean or % | se | P value | Mean or % | se | Mean or % | se | P value | Mean or % | se | Mean or % | se | P value | |
| WC (cm) | 80·5 | 0·1 | 91·9 | 0·1 | <0·001 | 75·0 | 0·1 | 87·5 | 0·1 | <0·001 | 76·3 | 0·1 | 89·6 | 0·1 | <0·001 |
| Age (years) | 52·1 | 0·1 | 55·4 | 0·4 | <0·001 | 51·1 | 0·1 | 57·6 | 0·3 | <0·001 | 45·0 | 0·2 | 44·1 | 0·2 | <0·001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22·4 | 0·1 | 24·1 | 0·1 | <0·001 | 22·2 | 0·1 | 23·9 | 0·1 | <0·001 | 22·1 | 0·1 | 24·0 | 0·1 | <0·001 |
| Smoking status (% current smokers) | 44·3 | 1·0 | 41·4 | 3·3 | 0·355 | 4·5 | 0·3 | 6·1 | 1·3 | 0·212 | 23·3 | 0·6 | 23·2 | 1·9 | 0·945 |
| Physical activity (% regular physical activity)† | 24·8 | 0·8 | 17·8 | 2·3 | 0·009 | 21·1 | 0·6 | 20·2 | 2·0 | 0·672 | 23·3 | 0·6 | 19·1 | 1·5 | 0·013 |
| Education (% ≤graduated middle school) | 34·8 | 0·9 | 41·0 | 3·3 | 0·049 | 38·0 | 0·9 | 72·9 | 2·3 | <0·001 | 36·4 | 0·8 | 57·5 | 2·2 | <0·001 |
| Income (% lowest quartile)‡ | 26·6 | 0·9 | 26·9 | 2·7 | 0·905 | 22·8 | 0·7 | 28·4 | 2·4 | 0·020 | 24·6 | 0·6 | 27·7 | 1·8 | 0·096 |
| Marital status (% currently married living with spouse) | 89·2 | 0·6 | 92·1 | 1·8 | 0·128 | 83·9 | 0·6 | 77·6 | 2·1 | 0·001 | 86·4 | 0·5 | 84·7 | 1·5 | 0·218 |
| Energy intake (kJ/d) | 9739·5 | 75·7 | 9864·6 | 225·5 | <0·001 | 7135·4 | 43·1 | 6695·7 | 120·1 | <0·001 | 8393·9 | 37·2 | 8434·1 | 38·9 | 0·385 |
| Typical drinking quantity (drinks/typical occasion) | 0·138 | 0·057 | 0·004 | ||||||||||||
| 1–2 | 20·5 | 0·8 | 14·6 | 2·3 | 61·1 | 1·0 | 59·8 | 3·3 | 39·3 | 0·7 | 33·0 | 2·2 | |||
| 3–4 | 22·0 | 0·9 | 23·4 | 2·9 | 25·1 | 0·8 | 22·8 | 2·8 | 23·4 | 0·6 | 23·2 | 2·0 | |||
| 5–6 | 22·3 | 0·9 | 19·7 | 3·0 | 9·0 | 0·6 | 7·8 | 1·9 | 16·2 | 0·5 | 14·9 | 2·0 | |||
| 7–9 | 19·5 | 0·8 | 23·1 | 3·0 | 3·3 | 0·4 | 4·5 | 1·4 | 12·0 | 0·5 | 15·5 | 1·9 | |||
| ≥10 | 15·7 | 0·8 | 19·2 | 2·9 | 1·5 | 0·3 | 5·1 | 2·0 | 9·1 | 0·4 | 13·4 | 1·9 | |||
| Alcohol drinking frequency in past year | 0·272 | 0·090 | 0·063 | ||||||||||||
| <1/month | 12·8 | 0·7 | 8·8 | 2·0 | 41·0 | 0·9 | 47·3 | 3·5 | 25·9 | 0·6 | 24·4 | 2·1 | |||
| 1/month | 9·0 | 0·6 | 7·9 | 1·8 | 18·6 | 0·7 | 15·8 | 2·5 | 13·4 | 0·5 | 11·1 | 1·5 | |||
| 2–4/month | 28·1 | 0·9 | 25·5 | 3·0 | 26·3 | 0·9 | 22·7 | 2·7 | 27·3 | 0·6 | 24·4 | 2·1 | |||
| 2–3/week | 30·0 | 1·0 | 34·0 | 3·2 | 11·2 | 0·7 | 8·7 | 2·0 | 21·3 | 0·6 | 23·8 | 2·2 | |||
| ≥4/week | 20·2 | 0·8 | 23·8 | 3·1 | 2·9 | 0·3 | 5·4 | 1·7 | 12·1 | 0·5 | 16·4 | 2·1 | |||
| Binge drinking (≥7 drinks (men), ≥5 drinks (women)) | 0·120 | 0·367 | 0·035 | ||||||||||||
| None | 21·2 | 0·8 | 16·6 | 2·3 | 50·6 | 1·0 | 53·5 | 3·5 | 34·9 | 0·7 | 31·6 | 2·2 | |||
| < 1/month | 17·5 | 0·8 | 14·7 | 2·6 | 25·0 | 0·9 | 22·5 | 3·1 | 21·0 | 0·6 | 17·9 | 1·9 | |||
| 1/month | 18·4 | 0·8 | 17·8 | 2·6 | 13·2 | 0·7 | 13·7 | 2·5 | 15·9 | 0·5 | 16·1 | 1·9 | |||
| 1/week | 30·7 | 0·9 | 34·4 | 3·5 | 9·4 | 0·6 | 6·9 | 1·6 | 20·8 | 0·6 | 23·2 | 2·3 | |||
| Every day | 12·2 | 0·7 | 16·6 | 2·6 | 1·8 | 0·3 | 3·4 | 1·4 | 7·4 | 0·4 | 11·2 | 1·7 | |||
| Total alcohol intake (drinks/week) | 0·273 | 0·236 | 0·042 | ||||||||||||
| <7 | 49·0 | 1·0 | 41·8 | 3·6 | 88·8 | 0·7 | 87·8 | 2·3 | 67·5 | 0·7 | 60·4 | 2·6 | |||
| 7–13 | 18·5 | 0·8 | 19·7 | 2·6 | 7·8 | 0·6 | 8·6 | 1·9 | 13·5 | 0·5 | 15·2 | 1·8 | |||
| 14–20 | 11·6 | 0·7 | 13·9 | 2·6 | 1·6 | 0·2 | 0·5 | 0·3 | 6·9 | 0·4 | 8·5 | 1·5 | |||
| ≥21 | 20·9 | 0·9 | 24·5 | 3·2 | 1·8 | 0·3 | 3·1 | 1·4 | 12·0 | 0·5 | 15·9 | 2·1 | |||
WC, waist circumference.
*
Abdominal obesity is defined as WC ≥90 cm for men and ≥85 cm for women in accordance with the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity( 25 ).
†
Regular physical activity is defined as exercising moderately for >30 min/session for >5 times/week or vigorously for >20 min /session for >3 times/week.
‡
Lowest level is defined as the lowest 25 percentile.