Table 1.

Infant demographic, lifestyle and dietary characteristics, by supplementation group. Antenatal Vitamin D in Dhaka (AViDD) trial (23°N), Bangladesh

			Vitamin D‡
	Placebo† (n 55)		All (n 60)		Subset (n 47)
Characteristic	% or Mean	n, n/N or sd	% or Mean	n, n/N or sd	% or Mean	n, n/N or sd	P §	P ||
Sex, % and n
Females	51	28	56	34	53	25	0·36	0·54
Males	49	27	43	26	47	22
Gestational age at birth, % and n
Preterm (34 to <37 weeks)	24	13	12	7	15	7	0·33	0·09
Term (≥37 weeks)	76	42	88	53	85	40
Season at birth, % and n
October–November	24	13	32	19	23	11	0·04	0·46
December–February	56	31	45	27	49	23
March–April	20	11	23	14	28	13
Infant anthropometry, mean and sd
Birth weight (kg)	2·8	0·4	2·9	0·5	2·9	0·5	1·00	0·71
Length at birth (cm)	48·1	2·2	48·5	1·8	48·5	1·9	0·78	0·28
Initiated breast-feeding within 1 h of birth, % and n	95	52	95	57	94	44	0·35	0·91
Exclusively breast-fed¶,††, % and n
1 month visit	76	39/51	75	39/52	77	30/39	0·58	0·86
2 months visit	56	14/25	60	18/30	58	11/19	0·76	0·77
4 months visit	66	19/29	55	16/29	55	16/29	1·00	0·42
6 months visit	28	14/50	36	18/50	36	15/42	1·00	0·39
Formula use¶,‡‡, % and n
1 month visit	18	9/51	17	9/52	13	5/39	0·20	0·96
2 months visit	24	6/25	23	7/30	21	4/19	0·70	0·95
4 months visit	24	7/29	24	7/29	24	7/29	1·00	1·00
6 months visit	48	24/50	42	21/50	40	17/42	0·71	0·55
Animal-source foods¶,§§, % and n/N
1 month visit	0	0/51	0	0/52	0	0/39	–	–
2 months visit	0	0/25	7	2/30	11	2/19	0·52	0·19
4 months visit	0	0/29	7	2/29	7	2/29	1·00	0·15
6 months visit	16	8/50	16	8/50	19	8/42	0·32	1·00
Usually or always swaddled outside the home, % and n/N
1 month visit	98	50/51	98	50/51	97	37/38	1·00	1·00
2 months visit	68	17/25	70	21/30	74	14/19	0·69	0·87
4 months visit	24	7/29	31	9/29	31	9/29	1·00	0·56
6 months visit	6	3/50	4	2/50	2	1/42	0·30	0·65
Expressed preference to expose infant to sunlight, % and n/N
1 month visit	92	47/51	94	47/50	92	34/37	0·56	0·72
2 months visit	64	16/25	60	18/30	58	11/19	1·00	0·76
4 months visit	59	17/29	79	23/29	79	23/29	1·00	0·09
6 months visit	90	45/50	68	34/50	67	28/42	1·00	0·01

^†There was one set of twins in the placebo group, hence, there were fifty-five infants born to fifty-four mothers in the placebo group.

^‡Vitamin D ‘all’ group included data for all infants with any 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) available in the first 6 months of life. The ‘subset’ excluded data for thirteen infants who did not contribute 25(OH)D data at or beyond 4 months.

^§ P values for differences between ‘all’ and ‘subset’ vitamin D groups were based on χ ² and Fisher’s exact tests for proportions or linear regression for differences in means.

^|| P values for differences between placebo and ‘all’ vitamin D groups were based on χ ² and Fisher’s exact tests for proportions or linear regression for differences in means.

^¶Specified postnatal visits: 1 month (2 to 40 d), 2 months (46 to 81 d), 4 months (84 to 138 d) and 6 months (168 to 203 d).

^††Exclusive breast-feeding was defined as reported breast-feeding in the past 24 h (yes/no) and a lack of formula or complementary foods previously ever reportedly fed to the infant.

^‡‡Data on recent formula use (yes/no) was available for n 98 (n 47 in the placebo group and n 51 in the vitamin D group). Infant ‘formula’ type often unspecified by caregiver; may include powdered fortified milk beverages not intended for infants.

^§§Reported infant consumption of animal-source foods (yes/no), including fish, animal milk (other than ‘infant formula’), egg, meat or liver.