Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by gender and BMI: Malaysian adults (n 32 839) aged ≥18 years, third National Health and Morbidity Survey, 2006
| BMI | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <18·5 kg/m2 | 18·5–22·9 kg/m2 | 23·0–24·9 kg/m2 | 25·0–29·9 kg/m2 | 30·0–34·9 kg/m2 | ≥35·0 kg/m2 | |||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Men (n 15 020) | ||||||||||||
| No. of participants | 1272 | 8·3 | 5144 | 33·7 | 2724 | 18·3 | 4406 | 29·8 | 1159 | 7·8 | 312 | 2·1 |
| No. of all-cause deaths | 69 | 11·3 | 201 | 33·6 | 113 | 19·6 | 162 | 27·8 | 40 | 6·8 | 5 | 0·9 |
| No. of CVD deaths | 14 | 9·4 | 37 | 24·8 | 30 | 22·7 | 45 | 32·3 | 11 | 7·8 | 4 | 3·0 |
| No. of deaths from other diseases | ||||||||||||
| Diseases of respiratory system | 9 | 16·6 | 17 | 32·7 | 11 | 21·0 | 14 | 27·9 | 1 | 1·8 | – | – |
| Diseases of digestive system | – | – | 10 | 47·5 | 4 | 17·4 | 4 | 17·0 | 4 | 18·1 | – | – |
| Diseases of nervous system | – | – | 4 | 52·0 | – | – | 2 | 23·5 | 2 | 24·5 | – | – |
| Diseases of genitourinary system | 1 | 4·0 | 10 | 49·5 | 3 | 13·8 | 5 | 23·2 | 2 | 9·5 | – | – |
| Infectious and parasitic diseases | 3 | 13·0 | 1 | 4·9 | 4 | 16·9 | 6 | 23·3 | 2 | 8·6 | 1 | 4·9 |
| Cancer | 2 | 5·0 | 14 | 31·1 | 13 | 29·8 | 12 | 29·0 | 2 | 5·1 | – | – |
| Age group (years) at baseline | ||||||||||||
| 18–19 | 197 | 23·9 | 394 | 47·9 | 79 | 9·8 | 85 | 10·8 | 38 | 4·9 | 22 | 2·7 |
| 20–39 | 606 | 9·4 | 2517 | 39·0 | 1049 | 16·7 | 1587 | 25·5 | 435 | 7·0 | 150 | 2·4 |
| 40–59 | 231 | 3·9 | 1487 | 25·6 | 1204 | 21·1 | 2118 | 37·5 | 556 | 9·8 | 119 | 2·1 |
| ≥60 | 238 | 10·7 | 748 | 34·2 | 392 | 18·6 | 616 | 29·2 | 131 | 6·3 | 21 | 1·0 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||||||
| Never smoker | 312 | 6·4 | 1415 | 29·3 | 919 | 19·5 | 1554 | 33·0 | 433 | 9·1 | 127 | 2·7 |
| Current smoker | 786 | 10·2 | 3000 | 38·9 | 1282 | 17·2 | 1915 | 25·7 | 479 | 6·5 | 133 | 1·7 |
| Former smoker | 174 | 6·3 | 729 | 26·9 | 523 | 19·9 | 937 | 35·7 | 247 | 9·3 | 52 | 1·9 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Malays | 750 | 8·8 | 2779 | 32·9 | 1411 | 17·2 | 2412 | 29·6 | 734 | 9·0 | 201 | 2·4 |
| Chinese | 226 | 7·2 | 1001 | 32·2 | 631 | 20·4 | 1006 | 32·3 | 195 | 6·3 | 54 | 1·7 |
| Indian | 89 | 7·6 | 305 | 26·1 | 227 | 19·7 | 399 | 35·2 | 98 | 8·5 | 32 | 2·9 |
| Others | 207 | 8·3 | 1061 | 42·5 | 455 | 18·5 | 589 | 24·2 | 133 | 5·5 | 25 | 1·0 |
| Pre-existing chronic diseases | ||||||||||||
| Type 2 diabetes | 49 | 2·8 | 358 | 20·5 | 327 | 19·0 | 693 | 40·2 | 231 | 13·3 | 72 | 4·2 |
| Hypertension | 251 | 4·2 | 1428 | 24·0 | 1027 | 17·7 | 2206 | 38·3 | 707 | 12·3 | 203 | 3·5 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 116 | 3·6 | 765 | 24·2 | 622 | 20·0 | 1197 | 38·9 | 331 | 10·7 | 78 | 2·6 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean and 95 % CI | 17·3 | 17·2, 17·3 | 20·9 | 20·9, 21·0 | 24·0 | 24·0, 24·0 | 27·1 | 27·1, 27·1 | 31·9 | 31·8, 32·0 | 38·3 | 37·9, 38·7 |
| Follow-up period (years) | ||||||||||||
| Mean and se | 4·64 | 4·61, 4·67 | 4·66 | 4·65, 4·68 | 4·66 | 4·64, 4·68 | 4·68 | 4·67, 4·69 | 4·69 | 4·66, 4·71 | 4·71 | 4·66, 4·75 |
| Median | 4·75 | 4·75 | 4·75 | 4·75 | 4·75 | 4·75 | ||||||
| Women (n 17 824) | ||||||||||||
| No. of participants | 1569 | 8·7 | 5365 | 30·2 | 2671 | 15·1 | 5128 | 28·7 | 2278 | 12·8 | 811 | 4·5 |
| No. of all-cause deaths | 74 | 16·0 | 127 | 28·9 | 49 | 10·9 | 122 | 28·0 | 54 | 12·0 | 19 | 4·2 |
| No. of CVD deaths | 7 | 8·8 | 22 | 25·8 | 9 | 10·4 | 22 | 26·5 | 17 | 20·5 | 7 | 8·0 |
| No. of deaths from other diseases | ||||||||||||
| Diseases of respiratory system | 13 | 24·5 | 10 | 19·5 | 5 | 10·2 | 13 | 25·7 | 9 | 18·1 | 1 | 1·8 |
| Diseases of digestive system | 1 | 17·5 | 2 | 33·4 | – | – | 3 | 35·5 | 1 | 13·6 | – | – |
| Diseases of nervous system | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 100·0 | – | – | – | – |
| Diseases of genitourinary system | – | – | 4 | 52·0 | – | – | 3 | 36·3 | 1 | 11·8 | – | – |
| Infectious and parasitic diseases | 6 | 25·2 | 4 | 16·5 | – | – | 7 | 30·9 | 4 | 15·3 | 3 | 12·1 |
| Cancer | 5 | 8·1 | 16 | 26·9 | 8 | 12·6 | 21 | 33·8 | 10 | 15·4 | 2 | 3·1 |
| Age group (years) at baseline | ||||||||||||
| 18–19 | 214 | 25·1 | 409 | 47·9 | 83 | 10·0 | 95 | 11·2 | 33 | 3·9 | 16 | 1·8 |
| 20–39 | 826 | 10·8 | 2766 | 36·7 | 1094 | 14·6 | 1740 | 22·8 | 821 | 10·8 | 326 | 4·3 |
| 40–59 | 250 | 3·5 | 1485 | 21·5 | 1121 | 16·2 | 2566 | 36·5 | 1156 | 16·5 | 405 | 5·8 |
| ≥60 | 280 | 11·1 | 705 | 29·1 | 373 | 15·5 | 728 | 30·4 | 268 | 11·1 | 64 | 2·7 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||||||
| Never smoker | 1399 | 8·3 | 4958 | 29·9 | 2519 | 15·3 | 4828 | 28·9 | 2169 | 13·0 | 775 | 4·6 |
| Current smoker | 68 | 17·4 | 142 | 37·3 | 55 | 14·2 | 75 | 19·7 | 32 | 8·4 | 10 | 2·9 |
| Former smoker | 102 | 12·8 | 265 | 33·5 | 97 | 12·5 | 225 | 27·9 | 77 | 9·8 | 26 | 3·4 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Malays | 819 | 8·2 | 2605 | 26·8 | 1363 | 14·0 | 2959 | 30·1 | 1456 | 14·9 | 572 | 5·9 |
| Chinese | 336 | 9·4 | 1374 | 38·8 | 611 | 17·3 | 905 | 25·3 | 268 | 7·4 | 63 | 1·7 |
| Indian | 118 | 7·6 | 367 | 23·7 | 223 | 14·4 | 490 | 31·8 | 250 | 16·3 | 96 | 6·1 |
| Others | 297 | 9·8 | 1019 | 34·6 | 474 | 16·3 | 775 | 26·2 | 304 | 10·4 | 80 | 2·6 |
| Pre-existing chronic diseases | ||||||||||||
| Type 2 diabetes | 41 | 2·1 | 304 | 15·2 | 274 | 13·6 | 794 | 39·1 | 425 | 21·0 | 180 | 8·9 |
| Hypertension | 272 | 3·9 | 1249 | 18·3 | 923 | 13·6 | 2499 | 36·6 | 1355 | 20·0 | 526 | 7·7 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 199 | 4·4 | 924 | 20·9 | 677 | 15·4 | 1574 | 35·5 | 759 | 17·1 | 296 | 6·7 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean and 95 % CI | 17·1 | 17·0, 17·1 | 21·0 | 20·9, 21·0 | 24·0 | 24·0, 24·0 | 27·3 | 27·3, 27·4 | 32·0 | 32·0, 32·1 | 38·4 | 38·2, 38·7 |
| Follow-up period (years) | ||||||||||||
| Mean and se | 4·65 | 4·63, 4·69 | 4·70 | 4·69, 4·71 | 4·72 | 4·70, 4·73 | 4·70 | 4·69, 4·71 | 4·70 | 4·69, 4·72 | 4·71 | 4·69, 4·73 |
| Median | 4·75 | 4·75 | 4·75 | 4·75 | 4·75 | 4·75 | ||||||