Table 2.

Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause mortality by BMI category among Malaysian adults (n 32 839) aged ≥18 years, third National Health and Morbidity Survey, 2006

	BMI
	<18·5 kg/m2		18·5–22·9 kg/m2		23·0–24·9 kg/m2		25·0–29·9 kg/m2		30·0–34·9 kg/m2		≥35·0 kg/m2
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
All participants*
No. of participants	2841		10 509		5395		9534		3437		1123
No. of deaths	143	13·3	328	31·6	162	15·9	284	27·9	94	9·0	24	2·3
HR and 95 % CI	1·47	1·21, 1·79	Reference		0·83	0·69, 1·01	0·81	0·68, 0·94	0·82	0·65, 1·04	0·83	0·54, 1·26
All participants† (excluding mortalities in the first 2 years of follow-up)
No. of participants	2796		10 382		5341		9447		3412		1116
No. of deaths	98	13·9	201	29·0	108	15·7	197	29·1	69	9·9	17	2·4
HR and 95 % CI	1·67	1·31, 2·13	Reference		0·91	0·72, 1·15	0·93	0·76, 1·13	1·00	0·76, 1·34	0·97	0·59, 1·60
Healthy participants‡
No. of participants	2085		6676		2656		3473		948		260
No. of deaths	46	24·5	67	37·3	22	12·7	30	17·8	10	5·9	3	1·8
HR and 95 % CI	1·72	1·18, 2·52	Reference		0·72	0·45, 1·17	0·76	0·50, 1·18	1·21	0·60, 2·42	1·41	0·45, 4·42
Healthy never smokers§
No. of participants	1309		4197		1730		2381		726		205
No. of deaths	21	22·5	27	30·9	12	13·7	19	22·6	6	6·7	3	3·6
HR and 95 % CI	2·00	1·10, 3·66	Reference		0·85	0·43, 1·70	0·96	0·53, 1·75	1·20	0·47, 3·06	2·00	0·61, 6·54
Never smokers§
No. of participants	1738		6452		3468		6454		2621		904
No. of deaths	62	11·1	160	29·7	89	16·4	156	29·0	59	10·6	18	3·2
HR and 95 % CI	1·42	1·07, 1·92	Reference		0·82	0·63, 1·07	0·73	0·58, 0·91	0·71	0·53, 0·97	0·74	0·45, 1·22
Current smokers§
No. of participants	854		3142		1337		1990		511		143
No. of deaths	40	13·6	107	38·1	39	14·6	70	25·7	20	7·6	1	0·4
HR and 95 % CI	1·14	0·79, 1·64	Reference		0·84	0·58, 1·22	0·95	0·70, 1·30	1·31	0·81, 2·14	0·39	0·05, 2·87
Former smokers§
No. of participants	249		915		590		1090		305		76
No. of deaths	41	18·6	61	28·1	34	16·1	58	28·0	15	6·8	5	2·4
HR and 95 % CI	2·06	1·39, 3·11	Reference		0·78	0·44, 1·39	0·84	0·55, 1·29	0·83	0·58, 1·20	1·77	0·71, 4·4

Significant HR and 95 % CI are indicated in bold font. No significant two-way interactions among all the independent variables.

^*Adjusted for age group (18–39, 40–59 and ≥60 years), gender (male and female) and ethnicity (Malays, Chinese, Indian and Others) in the multiple Cox regression models.

^†Adjusted for age group, gender and ethnicity in the multiple Cox regression models (excluding mortalities in the first 2 years of follow-up).

^‡Adjusted for age group, gender and ethnicity in the multiple Cox regression models (excluding participants with diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia).

^§Adjusted for age group, gender and ethnicity in the multiple Cox regression models.