Table 3.

Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for CVD mortality by BMI category among Malaysian adults (n 32 839) aged ≥18 years, third National Health and Morbidity Survey, 2006

	BMI
	<18·5 kg/m2		18·5–22·9 kg/m2		23·0–24·9 kg/m2		25·0–29·9 kg/m2		30·0–34·9 kg/m2		≥35·0 kg/m2
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
All participants*
No. of participants	2841		10 509		5395		9534		3437		1123
No. of deaths	21	9·2	59	25·2	39	18·1	67	30·1	28	12·6	11	4·8
HR and 95 % CI	1·35	0·81, 2·23	Reference		1·13	0·75, 1·70	1·03	0·72, 1·48	1·40	0·88, 2·23	2·15	1·11, 4·15
All participants† (excluding mortalities in the first 2 years of follow-up)
No. of participants	2796		10 382		5341		9447		3412		1116
No. of deaths	16	11·4	32	21·4	28	16·6	41	29·2	17	12·1	8	5·7
HR and 95 % CI	1·93	1·05, 3·54	Reference		1·51	0·90, 2·53	1·21	0·74, 1·96	1·68	0·91, 3·09	3·24	1·46, 7·18
Healthy participants‡
No. of participants	2085		6676		2656		3473		948		260
No. of deaths	6	21·5	7	26·5	6	22·3	2	7·7	3	13·7	2	8·2
HR and 95 % CI	2·02	0·70, 5·83	Reference		1·95	0·65, 5·89	0·47	0·09, 2·36	4·51	1·03, 19·71	11·35	2·40, 56·03
Healthy never smokers§
No. of participants	1309		4197		1730		2381		726		205
No. of deaths	1	6·0	4	31·4	4	27·9	0	0	2	18·5	2	16·2
HR and 95 % CI	0·48	0·06, 3·89	Reference		2·06	0·53, 8·07	–		4·55	0·63, 32·64	11·23	2·19, 57·68
Never smokers§
No. of participants	1738		6452		3468		6454		2621		904
No. of deaths	7	6·2	31	25·8	18	15·8	35	30·7	19	16·6	6	5·0
HR and 95 % CI	0·99	0·43, 2·27	Reference		0·87	0·48, 1·56	0·85	0·51, 1·40	1·26	0·70, 2·27	1·30	0·54, 3·15
Current smokers§
No. of participants	854		3142		1337		1990		511		143
No. of deaths	8	12·5	19	29·6	14	24·4	17	26·9	4	6·5	0	0
HR and 95 % CI	1·37	0·60, 3·14	Reference		1·67	0·82, 3·36	1·13	0·57, 2·25	1·27	0·42, 3·9	–
Former smokers§
No. of participants	249		915		590		1090		305		76
No. of deaths	6	12·5	9	17·8	7	15·6	15	32·9	5	10·2	5	10·9
HR and 95 % CI	2·28	0·79, 6·60	Reference		1·24	0·46, 3·31	1·49	0·65, 3·42	1·85	0·60, 5·72	12·98	4·12, 40·91

Significant HR and 95 % CI are indicated in bold font. No significant two-way interactions among all the independent variables.

^*Adjusted for age group (18–39, 40–59 and ≥60 years), gender (male and female) and ethnicity (Malays, Chinese, Indian and Others) in the multiple Cox regression models.

^†Adjusted for age group, gender and ethnicity in the multiple Cox regression models (excluding mortalities in the first 2 years of follow-up).

^‡Adjusted for age group, gender and ethnicity in the multiple Cox regression models (excluding participants with diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia).

^§Adjusted for age group, gender and ethnicity in the multiple Cox regression models.