Table 1.
Characteristics of Fresh Fund participants, overall and according to length of Fresh Fund use. San Diego, California, 2010–2012 (n 7298)*
| Total | ≤6 months (n 6127) | 6–12 months (n 692) | >12 months (n 479) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Median or n | Range or % | Median or n | Range or % | Median or n | Range or % | Median or n | Range or % | P † |
| Age (years) (n 7275) | <0·001 | ||||||||
| Median and range | 34 | 7–100 | 34 | 7–100 | 36 | 13–90 | 36 | 9–99 | |
| Gender (n 7285) | 0·007 | ||||||||
| Men | 1121 | 15·4 | 908 | 14·8 | 121 | 17·6 | 92 | 19·3 | |
| Women | 6164 | 84·6 | 5215 | 85·2 | 565 | 82·4 | 384 | 80·7 | |
| Race/ethnicity | <0·001 | ||||||||
| Hispanic | 3612 | 49·5 | 3106 | 50·7 | 298 | 43·1 | 208 | 43·4 | |
| White | 1316 | 18·0 | 1167 | 19·1 | 100 | 14·5 | 49 | 10·2 | |
| Vietnamese | 787 | 10·8 | 596 | 9·7 | 118 | 17·1 | 73 | 15·2 | |
| Other Asian | 758 | 10·4 | 593 | 9·7 | 87 | 12·6 | 78 | 16·3 | |
| African American | 481 | 6·6 | 415 | 6·8 | 41 | 8·5 | 25 | 5·2 | |
| East African | 212 | 2·9 | 128 | 2·1 | 41 | 5·9 | 43 | 9·0 | |
| Multiple/Other | 132 | 1·8 | 122 | 2·0 | 7 | 1·0 | 3 | 0·6 | |
| Survey language | <0·001 | ||||||||
| English | 4826 | 66·1 | 4134 | 67·5 | 458 | 66·2 | 234 | 48·9 | |
| Spanish | 1827 | 25·0 | 1521 | 24·8 | 156 | 22·5 | 150 | 31·3 | |
| Vietnamese | 470 | 6·4 | 347 | 5·7 | 57 | 8·2 | 66 | 13·8 | |
| Chinese | 89 | 1·2 | 79 | 1·3 | 2 | 0·3 | 8 | 1·7 | |
| Somali | 86 | 1·2 | 46 | 0·8 | 19 | 2·8 | 21 | 4·4 | |
| Household members (n 7293) | 0·011 | ||||||||
| Median and range | 4·0 | 1–14 | 4·0 | 1–14 | 4·0 | 1–14 | 4·0 | 1–11 | |
| Government assistance | <0·001 | ||||||||
| WIC | 4092 | 56·1 | 3571 | 58·3 | 324 | 46·8 | 197 | 41·1 | |
| SNAP/CalFresh | 1958 | 26·8 | 1550 | 25·3 | 221 | 31·9 | 187 | 39·0 | |
| SSI | 1248 | 17·1 | 1006 | 16·4 | 147 | 21·2 | 95 | 19·8 | |
| Season of enrolment | <0·001 | ||||||||
| Spring | 1238 | 17·0 | 936 | 15·3 | 218 | 31·5 | 84 | 17·5 | |
| Summer | 3839 | 52·6 | 3349 | 54·7 | 200 | 28·9 | 290 | 60·5 | |
| Autumn | 1892 | 25·9 | 1643 | 26·8 | 145 | 21·0 | 104 | 21·7 | |
| Winter | 329 | 4·5 | 199 | 3·3 | 129 | 18·6 | 1 | 0·2 | |
| Enrolment market | <0·001 | ||||||||
| City Heights | 3112 | 42·6 | 2234 | 36·5 | 485 | 70·1 | 393 | 82·1 | |
| Southeast San Diego | 232 | 3·2 | 222 | 3·6 | 10 | 1·5 | 0 | 0 | |
| San Marcos | 2039 | 27·9 | 1780 | 29·1 | 173 | 25·0 | 86 | 18·0 | |
| Golden Hill | 982 | 12·5 | 961 | 15·7 | 21 | 3·0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Linda Vista | 933 | 12·8 | 930 | 15·2 | 3 | 0·4 | 0 | 0 | |
| Number of visits | <0·001 | ||||||||
| Median and range | 1·0 | 1–36 | 1·0 | 1–14 | 6·0 | 2–24 | 9·0 | 2–36 | |
| One | 3976 | 54·5 | 3976 | 64·9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | <0·001 |
| Two | 1159 | 15·9 | 1013 | 16·5 | 115 | 16·6 | 31 | 6·5 | |
| Three | 596 | 8·2 | 487 | 8·0 | 72 | 10·4 | 37 | 7·7 | |
| Four | 358 | 4·9 | 258 | 4·2 | 71 | 10·3 | 23 | 3·1 | |
| Five or more | 1209 | 16·6 | 393 | 6·4 | 434 | 62·7 | 382 | 79·8 | |
| Total months of Fresh Fund use | |||||||||
| Median and range | 0 | 0–20 | 0 | 0–5·9 | 9·0 | 6–11·9 | 15·4 | 12·2–19·5 | |
| Total money exchanged ($US) | <0·001 | ||||||||
| Median and range | 20·0 | 1–711 | 20 | 0–320 | 100 | 6–560 | 147 | 15–711 | |
| Servings F&V/d‡ (n 6688) | <0·001 | ||||||||
| <1 | 167 | 2·5 | 125 | 2·2 | 22 | 3·5 | 20 | 4·3 | |
| 1–2 | 1819 | 27·2 | 1489 | 26·7 | 182 | 28·7 | 148 | 31·5 | |
| 3–4 | 3061 | 45·8 | 2557 | 45·8 | 283 | 44·6 | 221 | 47·0 | |
| ≥5 | 1614 | 24·5 | 1413 | 25·3 | 147 | 23·2 | 81 | 17·2 | |
| Perceived diet quality‡ (n 6709) | <0·001 | ||||||||
| Very unhealthy | 326 | 4·9 | 191 | 3·4 | 57 | 9·0 | 78 | 16·4 | |
| Unhealthy | 1171 | 17·5 | 717 | 12·8 | 200 | 31·7 | 254 | 53·4 | |
| Average | 2384 | 35·5 | 2049 | 36·6 | 202 | 32·0 | 133 | 27·9 | |
| Healthy | 2111 | 31·5 | 1972 | 35·2 | 130 | 20·6 | 9 | 1·9 | |
| Very healthy | 717 | 10·7 | 673 | 12·0 | 42 | 6·7 | 2 | 0·4 | |
| Weekly spending on F&V‡ (n 6724) | <0·001 | ||||||||
| Less than $US 10 | 258 | 3·8 | 203 | 3·6 | 24 | 3·8 | 31 | 6·5 | |
| $US 10–19 | 1555 | 23·1 | 1242 | 22·1 | 166 | 26·1 | 147 | 31·0 | |
| $US 20–$29 | 1928 | 28·7 | 1556 | 22·7 | 211 | 33·2 | 161 | 33·9 | |
| $US 30–39 | 1173 | 17·4 | 996 | 17·7 | 106 | 16·7 | 71 | 6·1 | |
| $US 40 or more | 1810 | 26·9 | 1616 | 28·8 | 129 | 20·3 | 65 | 13·7 | |
WIC, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children; SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; SSI, Supplemental Security Income; F&V, fruits and vegetables·
*
Totals equal 7298 unless otherwise indicated.
†
P values are based on χ 2 tests or non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum tests, and demonstrate overall significance of differences between total months of Fresh Fund use by each characteristic.
‡
Self-reported during baseline survey.