Table 2.
Food consumption, energy and nutrient intakes at baseline in quartiles of Baltic Sea diet (BDS) and Mediterranean diet (MD) scores; Finnish women aged 65–71 years (n 554), Kuopio Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Fracture Prevention Study (OSTPRE-FPS), 2003–2007
| Quartile of BSD score | Quartile of MD score | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (n 146) | Q2 (n 125) | Q3 (n 129) | Q4 (n 107) | Q1 (n 160) | Q2 (n 147) | Q3 (n 117) | Q4 (n 79) | |||||||||||
| Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | P value* | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | P value* | |
| Food groups | ||||||||||||||||||
| Fruit and berries (g/d) | 117a | 95 | 167b | 113 | 197b | 120 | 252c | 132 | <0·001 | 127a | 92 | 171b | 123 | 208c | 120 | 248c | 127 | <0·001 |
| Vegetables (g/d) | 184a | 82 | 211b | 82 | 239b | 94 | 284d | 96 | <0·001 | 185a | 77 | 226b | 93 | 252c | 88 | 276c | 101 | <0·001 |
| Root vegetables (g/d) | 23a | 27 | 27a | 26 | 31a,b | 30 | 47b | 47 | <0·001 | 25a | 27 | 35a,b | 41 | 33a,b | 33 | 38b | 31 | 0·004 |
| Wholegrain bread (g/d) | 110 | 58 | 113 | 51 | 110 | 51 | 125 | 51 | 0·080 | 107 | 53 | 120 | 59 | 119 | 51 | 121 | 50 | 0·087 |
| Sausage (g/d) | 29a | 31 | 17b | 22 | 11c | 22 | 5c | 12 | <0·001 | 16 | 23 | 19 | 29 | 15 | 22 | 15 | 28 | 0·525 |
| Fish (g/d) | 21a | 28 | 39b | 37 | 47b | 42 | 67c | 54 | <0·001 | 47a | 42 | 44a | 44 | 42a,b | 47 | 29b | 41 | 0·001 |
| Low-fat dairy products (g/d) | 533a | 532 | 696a,b | 610 | 894b | 677 | 1190c | 650 | <0·001 | 714 | 619 | 845 | 732 | 813 | 642 | 949 | 718 | 0·122 |
| Sugar and sweets (g/d) | 21 | 14 | 22 | 16 | 19 | 15 | 19 | 13 | 0·185 | 22 | 18 | 20 | 13 | 20 | 15 | 20 | 12 | 0·880 |
| Alcohol (portions/week) | 0·98 | 1·69 | 0·90 | 1·47 | 0·84 | 1·27 | 0·60 | 1·05 | 0·285 | 0·98 | 1·78 | 0·89 | 1·42 | 0·72 | 1·09 | 0·64 | 0·72 | 0·366 |
| Nutrients | ||||||||||||||||||
| Energy (kJ/d) | 6415a | 1636 | 6448a | 1521 | 6367a | 1450 | 6952b | 1514 | 0·014 | 6272a | 1588 | 6512a | 1507 | 6714a,b | 1542 | 7128b | 1568 | 0·001 |
| Fat (g/d) | 58·7a | 19·4 | 54·9a,b | 18·0 | 50·0b | 16·8 | 49·9b | 15·6 | <0·001 | 52·9 | 19·6 | 53·3 | 17·5 | 55·5 | 18·5 | 56·7 | 18·3 | 0·380 |
| Fat (% energy) | 34·7a | 4·6 | 31·8b | 4·9 | 29·3c | 5·5 | 27·1d | 4·4 | <0·001 | 31·8 | 5·5 | 30·9 | 5·4 | 30·9 | 6·2 | 29·9 | 5·3 | 0·113 |
| PUFA:SFA | 0·35a | 0·12 | 0·43b | 0·18 | 0·47c | 0·14 | 0·60d | 0·20 | <0·001 | 0·39a | 0·17 | 0·45b | 0·17 | 0·49b | 0·21 | 0·52b | 0·16 | <0·001 |
| Protein (g/d) | 61·2a | 16·6 | 65·0a,b | 16·1 | 69·7b | 16·6 | 78·7c | 18·1 | <0·001 | 65·7a | 17·6 | 69·1a,b | 18·8 | 68·8a,b | 16·8 | 72·8b | 19·0 | 0·034 |
| Protein (% energy) | 16·2a | 2·8 | 17·2b | 2·6 | 18·6c | 3·1 | 19·3c | 3·1 | <0·001 | 17·8 | 3·4 | 18·0 | 3·2 | 17·5 | 3·2 | 17·2 | 2·3 | 0·280 |
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 181·3a | 47·8 | 189·0a | 45·7 | 189·8a | 46·3 | 216·6b | 48·5 | <0·001 | 181·3a | 47·1 | 191·3a,b | 45·2 | 199·2b | 49·2 | 218·8c | 47·7 | <0·001 |
| Carbohydrate (% energy) | 46·8a | 5·3 | 48·8b | 5·5 | 49·7b | 6·3 | 51·7c | 5·0 | <0·001 | 47·8a | 6·0 | 48·9a | 5·4 | 49·5a | 5·9 | 51·3b | 5·2 | <0·001 |
| Fibre (g/d) | 19·4a | 6·6 | 21·1a,b | 6·0 | 22·5b | 6·1 | 26·6c | 6·0 | <0·001 | 19·5a | 6·1 | 22·1b | 6·8 | 23·8b | 5·9 | 26·2c | 6·2 | <0·001 |
| Ca (mg/d) | 889a | 336 | 959a,b | 351 | 1035b | 355 | 1183c | 383 | <0·001 | 957a | 352 | 1019a,b | 369 | 1008a,b | 358 | 1123b | 407 | 0·013 |
| Vitamin D (µg/d) | 5·3a | 3·0 | 7·2b | 4·1 | 8·1b | 4·5 | 10·5c | 6·5 | <0·001 | 7·8 | 4·5 | 7·8 | 5·1 | 7·8 | 5·4 | 7·1 | 4·6 | 0·726 |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 72·9a | 41·6 | 93·6b | 52·2 | 106·3c | 57·3 | 134·8d | 77·1 | <0·001 | 87·1a | 58·4 | 92·9a | 55·5 | 112·1b | 70·0 | 121·0b | 54·7 | <0·001 |
a,b,c,dMean values within a row with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (P < 0·05).
*
One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test for nutrients and Kruskal–Wallis with post hoc test for food groups, alcohol and PUFA:SFA.