Table 5.
Habitual micronutrient intakes, and the evaluation for different meat and dairy replacement scenarios, among Dutch adults (1055 men and 1047 women) aged 19–69 years, weighted for sociodemographic factors, season and day of the week. Results are presented as point estimates and between brackets with their 95 % CI
| Reference scenario | ‘Less meat and dairy’ scenario | ‘No meat and dairy’ scenario | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No replacement | 30 % replacement* | 100 % replacement* | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Evaluation | Evaluation | Evaluation | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Nutrient/gender | Age group (years) | Recommendation | Mean | 95 % CI | Estimate | 95 % CI | Estimate | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Estimate | 95 % CI | Estimate | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Estimate | 95 % CI | Estimate | 95 % CI | ||
| Ca (mg/d) | AI§ | UL§ | Adequacy | %>UL | Adequacy | %>UL | Adequacy | %>UL | ||||||||||||||
| Men | 19–69 | 1000/1100 | 2500 | 1128¶ a | 1101, 1160 | ns | 0 | 0, 0 | 1044¶ b | 1010, 1069 | ns | 0 | 0, 0 | 839¶ c | 810, 860 | ns | 0 | 0, 0 | ||||
| Women | 19–69 | 1000/1100 | 2500 | 989¶ a | 964, 1014 | ns | 0 | 0, 0 | 920¶ b | 897, 947 | ns | 0 | 0, 0 | 737¶ c | 719, 763 | ns | 0 | 0, 0 | ||||
| Fe (mg/d)† | EAR‡ | %<EAR | %<EAR | %<EAR | ||||||||||||||||||
| Men | 19–69 | 7 | 12·8a | 12·5, 13·1 | 1 | 1, 3 | 13·7b | 13·3, 13·9 | 1 | 0, 1 | 15·4c | 15·0, 15·7 | 0 | 0, 0 | ||||||||
| Women | 19–30 | 10 | 10·3a | 9·8, 10·8 | 57 | 53, 64 | 10·7a | 10·3, 11·2 | 49 | 44, 54 | 12·5b | 11·9, 12·9 | 26 | 20, 31 | ||||||||
| 31–50 | 10 | 11·7a | 11·3, 12·6 | 40 | 34, 44 | 12·5a | 12·0, 13·3 | 30 | 22, 33 | 14·0b | 13·5, 14·9 | 14 | 9, 16 | |||||||||
| 51–69 | 6 | 12·2a | 11·6, 12·8 | 0 | 0, 1 | 13·1a | 12·3, 13·4 | 0 | 0, 1 | 14·2b | 13·7, 14·9 | 0 | 0, 0 | |||||||||
| Zn (mg/d) | EAR‡ | UL║ | %<EAR | %>UL | %<EAR | %>UL | %<EAR | %>UL | ||||||||||||||
| Men | 19–69 | 6 | 25 | 13·3a | 12·9, 13·6 | 0 | 0, 0 | 2 | 1, 2 | 11·7b | 11·3, 11·9 | 1 | 0, 1 | 1 | 0, 2 | 7·9c | 7·6, 8·1 | 24 | 20, 27 | 0 | 0, 1 | |
| Women | 19–69 | 5 | 25 | 11·0a | 10·7, 11·4 | 0 | 0, 1 | 1 | 0, 1 | 10·0b | 9·6, 10·2 | 1 | 0, 2 | 1 | 0, 1 | 7·3c | 7·0, 7·5 | 21 | 18, 23 | 0 | 0, 1 | |
| Vitamin A (µg RAE/d) | EAR§ | %<EAR | %<EAR | %<EAR | ||||||||||||||||||
| Men | 19–69 | 620/610 | 995a | 948, 1068 | 16 | 11, 20 | 883a | 844, 961 | 25 | 20, 30 | 596b | 574, 632 | 64 | 60, 67 | ||||||||
| Women | 19–69 | 530 | 897a | 844, 968 | 19 | 14, 23 | 798a | 760, 850 | 27 | 22, 31 | 612b | 573, 657 | 58 | 54, 62 | ||||||||
| Thiamin (mg/d) | EAR§ | AI§ | %<EAR | Adequacy | %<EAR | Adequacy | %<EAR | Adequacy | ||||||||||||||
| Men | 19–30 | 0·8 | 1·64a | 1·49, 2·04 | 1 | 0, 3 | 1·53a | 1·39, 1·97 | 3 | 1, 6 | 1·34a | 1·16, 1·76 | 10 | 8, 18 | ||||||||
| 31–50 | 0·8 | 1·88a | 1·55, 2·75 | 2 | 0, 4 | 1·85a | 1·46, 2·65 | 4 | 2, 7 | 1·63a | 1·26, 2·42 | 12 | 7, 16 | |||||||||
| 51–69 | 1·1 | 1·36¶ a | 1·29, 1·42 | ad | 1·26¶ a | 1·19, 1·31 | ad | 1·06¶ b | 1·01, 1·10 | ns | ||||||||||||
| Women | 19–30 | 0·8 | 1·98a | 1·37, 2·34 | 14 | 8, 19 | 1·59a | 1·31, 2·40 | 17 | 11, 23 | 1·63a | 1·17, 2·15 | 31 | 24, 38 | ||||||||
| 31–50 | 0·8 | 2·08a | 1·54, 2·65 | 12 | 7, 14 | 2·07a | 1·46, 2·58 | 15 | 10, 19 | 1·84a | 1·33, 2·41 | 28 | 21, 32 | |||||||||
| 51–69 | 1·1 | 1·27¶ a | 1·20, 1·34 | ad | 1·19¶ a | 1·13, 1·26 | ad | 1·04¶ b | 0·97, 1·10 | ns | ||||||||||||
| Riboflavin (mg/d) | EAR§ | %<EAR | %<EAR | %<EAR | ||||||||||||||||||
| Men | 19–69 | 1·1 | 2·23a | 2·05, 2·41 | 7 | 4, 10 | 2·13a | 2·02, 2·40 | 8 | 5, 10 | 2·25a | 2·00, 2·40 | 10 | 6, 12 | ||||||||
| Women | 19–69 | 0·8 | 2·60a | 2·02, 3·03 | 3 | 2, 5 | 2·66a | 2·03, 3·18 | 3 | 1, 5 | 2·40a | 2·00, 3·08 | 5 | 3, 7 | ||||||||
| Vitamin B12 (µg/d) | EAR§ | %<EAR | %<EAR | %<EAR | ||||||||||||||||||
| Men | 19–69 | 2 | 5·83a | 5·65, 6·27 | 0 | 0, 1 | 5·07b | 4·94, 5·51 | 1 | 0, 2 | 3·44c | 3·21, 3·77 | 23 | 18, 27 | ||||||||
| Women | 19–69 | 2 | 6·02a | 5·27, 6·84 | 1 | 0, 3 | 5·46a | 4·77, 6·31 | 4 | 2, 6 | 4·39a | 3·58, 5·45 | 29 | 24, 33 | ||||||||
| Vitamin D (µg/d) | AI§ | UL║ | Adequacy | %>UL | Adequacy | %>UL | Adequacy | %>UL | ||||||||||||||
| Men | 19–69 | 10 | 100 | 4·2¶ a | 4·1, 4·4 | ns | 0 | 0, 0 | 4·6¶ b | 4·5, 4·8 | ns | 0 | 0, 0 | 5·7¶ c | 5·4, 5·9 | ns | 0 | 0, 0 | ||||
| Women | 19–69 | 10 | 100 | 3·5¶ a | 3·3, 3·7 | ns | 0 | 0, 0 | 3·9¶ a | 3·7, 4·1 | ns | 0 | 0, 0 | 4·8¶ b | 4·6, 5·0 | ns | 0 | 0, 0 | ||||
RAE, retinol activity equivalents; EAR, Estimated Average Requirement; AI, Adequate Intake; UL, Tolerable Upper Intake Level; ad, low risk of inadequate intake; ns, no statement could be made about the adequacy since the median intake is below the AI.
a,b,cMean/median values between scenarios with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (based on the 95 % CI around the mean as estimated using 200 bootstrap samples).
Replacement of meat and cheese as sandwich filling and snack, meat for dinner and dairy drinks and desserts by plant-derived substitutes.
Fe intake was estimated without taking into account difference in bioavailability between animal and plant sources.
EAR for Fe and Zn from the Nordic Council of Ministers (2014)( 12 ).
Dietary Reference Intakes for Ca, thiamin and riboflavin from the Health Council of the Netherlands (2000)( 30 ), EAR for vitamin A from the Health Council of the Netherlands (2008)( 31 ), EAR for vitamin B12 from the Health Council of the Netherlands (2003)( 32 ) and AI for vitamin D from the Health Council of the Netherlands (2012)( 33 ).
UL for Zn from the European Food Safety Authority (2006)( 34 ) and for vitamin D from the European Food Safety Authority (2012)( 35 ).
Median point estimate.