Table 3.
Adjusted risk ratios (ARR) for associations between different forms of high-risk fertility behaviours and chronic undernutrition, anaemia and the coexistence of anaemia and undernutrition among study participants; ever-married women aged 15–49 years living with at least one child younger than 5 years, 2011 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (n 2197)
| Chronic undernutrition† | Anaemia‡ | Coexistence of anaemia and undernutrition | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure | ARR§ | 95 % CI | ARR§ | 95 % CI | ARR§ | 95 % CI |
| Any high-risk fertility behaviours | ||||||
| No | 1·00 (Ref.) | 1·00 (Ref.) | 1·00 (Ref.) | |||
| Yes | 1·22*** | 1·03, 1·44 | 1·12*** | 1·00, 1·25 | 1·52** | 1·17, 1·98 |
| Types of high-risk fertility behaviours | ||||||
| No risk | 1·00 (Ref.) | 1·00 (Ref.) | 1·00 (Ref.) | |||
| Single high-risk | 1·19*** | 1·00, 1·42 | 1·11 | 0·99, 1·24 | 1·46** | 1·11, 1·92 |
| Multiple high-risk | 1·40*** | 1·06, 1·86 | 1·20*** | 1·01, 1·50 | 1·99** | 1·28, 3·12 |
| Specific types of high-risk fertility behaviours | ||||||
| No risk | 1·00 (Ref.) | 1·00 (Ref.) | 1·00 (Ref.) | |||
| Mother’s age at birth <18 years | 1·12 | 0·91, 1·38 | 0·94 | 0·79, 1·13 | 1·09 | 0·79, 1·52 |
| Mother’s age at birth >34 years | 1·15 | 0·16, 8·36 | 1·44 | 0·59, 3·51 | 1·52* | 1·13, 2·53 |
| Birth interval <24 months | 0·64 | 0·37, 1·08 | 1·13 | 0·86, 1·49 | 1·05 | 0·52, 2·13 |
| Birth order ≥3 | 1·62* | 1·24, 2·12 | 1·33** | 1·12, 1·57 | 2·51* | 1·65, 3·84 |
| Age at birth <18 years and birth interval <24 months|| | 1·12 | 0·71, 1·76 | 0·92 | 0·58, 1·46 | 1·74 | 0·91, 3·34 |
| Age at birth >34 years and birth order ≥3¶ | 2·81* | 1·47, 5·38 | 1·43*** | 1·01, 2·13 | 5·74* | 2·34, 14·11 |
| Birth interval <24 months and birth order ≥3 | 1·29 | 0·82, 2·03 | 1·40*** | 1·05, 1·86 | 1·65 | 0·78, 3·51 |
Ref., reference category.
*P<0·001, **P<0·01, ***P<0·05.
Adjusted for anaemia.
Adjusted for chronic undernutrition.
Models were adjusted for maternal age, education, maternal decision-making autonomy, maternal occupation, residence, number of household members, maternal height, type of delivery, pregnancy intention and current use of contraception.
Includes the categories: age at birth <18 years and birth order ≥3; age at birth <18 years, birth order ≥3 and birth interval <24 months.
Includes the categories: age at birth >34 years and birth order ≥3; age at birth >34 years, birth order ≥3 and birth interval <24 months.