Table 5.
Predictors of reasons for nut consumption among nut consumers (n 674; P value, with the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval beneath) in a nationally representative sample of adults aged 18 years or over, New Zealand, September–October 2014
| Nuts… | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor | Taste | Healthy/nutritious | Good source of protein* | Convenience/portability for on-the-go | Good source of energy/calories* | Good source of vitamins & minerals* | Good source of unsaturated fat* | Good sources of fibre* | Good source of Se (some of them)* | |||||||||
| Gender | P=0·344 | P=0·055 | P=0·213 | P=0·461 | P=0·176 | |||||||||||||
| Female | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||||||||||||
| Male | 1·30 | 0·75, 2·26 | 0·68 | 0·46, 1·01 | 0·76 | 0·50, 1·17 | 0·86 | 0·57, 1·29 | 0·70 | 0·41, 1·18 | ||||||||
| Age | P=0·190 | P <0·001 | P=0·066 | P =0·039 | P =0·036 | |||||||||||||
| Per 10 years | 0·92 | 0·80, 1·04 | 0·77 | 0·67, 0·88 | 0·88 | 0·77, 1·01 | 1·14 | 1·01, 1·29 | 1·19 | 1·01, 1·41 | ||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | P =0·005 | P=0·132 | P=0·096 | P=0·186 | P =0·007 | P =0·003 | P=0·095 | |||||||||||
| <25 | 1·00a | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00a | 1·00a | 1·00 | |||||||||||
| 25·0–29·9 | 0·65a,b | 0·41, 1·01 | 0·65 | 0·42, 1·00 | 0·65 | 0·40, 1·07 | 0·67 | 0·43, 1·04 | 0·62b | 0·40, 0·97 | 0·61b | 0·40, 0·94 | 0·67 | 0·38, 1·16 | ||||
| ≥30·0 | 0·44b | 0·26, 0·73 | 0·72 | 0·41, 1·25 | 0·56 | 0·31, 0·99 | 0·73 | 0·42, 1·29 | 0·44b | 0·26, 0·75 | 0·40b | 0·23, 0·70 | 0·46 | 0·23, 0·94 | ||||
| Annual household income (($NZ) | P=0·074 | P=0·399 | P =0·024 | P=0·576 | P=0·223 | |||||||||||||
| ≤30 000 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00a | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||||||||||||
| 30 001–70 000 | 1·49 | 0·74, 3·00 | 0·82 | 0·46, 1·46 | 1·32a | 0·70, 2·49 | 1·19 | 0·65, 2·16 | 0·74 | 0·36, 1·52 | ||||||||
| ≥70 001 | 2·43 | 1·13, 5·24 | 1·13 | 0·62, 2·06 | 2·19b | 1·16, 4·15 | 1·36 | 0·75, 2·45 | 1·15 | 0·57, 2·34 | ||||||||
| Highest level of education | P=0·051 | P=0·300 | P=0·168 | |||||||||||||||
| Less than high school | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||||||||||||||
| High school | 1·01 | 0·19, 5·44 | 4·35 | 0·51, 37·47 | 1·40 | 0·19, 10·27 | ||||||||||||
| Post-high school (non-degree) | 2·72 | 0·48, 15·46 | 5·82 | 0·68, 49·92 | 2·17 | 0·30, 15·71 | ||||||||||||
| University | 1·10 | 0·19, 6·39 | 5·25 | 0·60, 46·10 | 1·30 | 0·18, 9·64 | ||||||||||||
| Current smoker | P=0·232 | P=0·107 | P =0·044 | P=0·072 | ||||||||||||||
| No | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0·64 | 0·30, 1·33 | 0·52 | 0·24, 1·15 | 0·44 | 0·20, 0·98 | 0·40 | 0·15, 1·08 | ||||||||||
| Ethnicity | P=0·251 | P =0·002 | ||||||||||||||||
| European | 1·00 | 1·00a | ||||||||||||||||
| Māori | 1·24 | 0·56, 2·73 | 1·78a | 0·76, 4·17 | ||||||||||||||
| Asian | 0·45 | 0·17, 1·19 | 0·04b | 0·01, 0·33 | ||||||||||||||
| Other/not stated | 0·65 | 0·33, 1·27 | 0·31b | 0·11, 0·90 | ||||||||||||||
| Gender | P =0·002 | P=0·210 | P =0·012 | P=0·232 | P=0·205 | P=0·138 | ||||||||||||
| Female | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||||||
| Male | 0·45 | 0·28, 0·74 | 0·76 | 0·49, 1·17 | 0·52 | 0·32, 0·87 | 0·71 | 0·41, 1·24 | 0·45 | 0·13, 1·56 | 1·94 | 0·81, 4·65 | ||||||
| Age | P=0·091 | P =0·002 | P <0·001 | P <0·001 | P=0·198 | |||||||||||||
| Per 10 years | 0·88 | 0·75, 1·02 | 1·22 | 1·07, 1·38 | 1·47 | 1·23, 1·76 | 1·41 | 1·23, 1·61 | 0·89 | 0·74, 1·06 | ||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | P=0·390 | |||||||||||||||||
| <25 | 1·00 | |||||||||||||||||
| 25·0–29·9 | 1·20 | 0·66, 2·17 | ||||||||||||||||
| ≥30·0 | 1·64 | 0·81, 3·31 | ||||||||||||||||
| Annual household income (($NZ) | P=0·189 | P=0·363 | P=0·117 | |||||||||||||||
| ≤30 000 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||||||||||||||
| 30 001–70 000 | 1·01 | 0·51, 2·00 | 0·59 | 0·27, 1·27 | 1·15 | 0·48, 2·80 | ||||||||||||
| ≥70 001 | 1·59 | 0·81, 3·12 | 0·84 | 0·40, 1·77 | 1·97 | 0·87, 4·47 | ||||||||||||
| Highest level of education | P =0·041 | P=0·312 | ||||||||||||||||
| Less than high school | 1·00a,b | 1·00 | ||||||||||||||||
| High school | 0·73a | 0·17, 3·26 | 1·15 | 0·15, 8·63 | ||||||||||||||
| Post-high school (non-degree) | 1·53b | 0·35, 6·73 | 1·88 | 0·25, 14·21 | ||||||||||||||
| University | 1·32b | 0·30, 5·85 | 1·05 | 0·14, 8·20 | ||||||||||||||
| Current smoker | P=0·625 | P=0·286 | P=0·065 | |||||||||||||||
| No | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0·71 | 0·18, 2·77 | 0·44 | 0·10, 1·99 | 0·22 | 0·04, 1·10 | ||||||||||||
| Ethnicity | P=0·059 | P=0·245 | ||||||||||||||||
| European | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||||||||||
| Māori | 1·73 | 0·77, 3·86 | 1·08 | 0·43, 2·74 | ||||||||||||||
| Asian | 0·36 | 0·13, 1·01 | 0·42 | 0·12, 1·44 | ||||||||||||||
| Other/not stated | 0·54 | 0·21, 1·40 | 0·39 | 0·11, 1·30 | ||||||||||||||
Cells are blank where this variable did not achieve P <0·25 in the univariable model. Significant P values are indicated in bold font. Where the overall P value is statistically significant, values that share a superscript letter are not statistically different.
*
Statements that are supported by current evidence.
†
Some nuts such as pistachios, cashews and almonds contain useful (>4 mg non-haem Fe/100 g) amounts of Fe, but bioavailability and significance will rely on other dietary factors.