Table 6.
Predictors of reasons for nut butter consumption among nut butter consumers (n 503; P value, with the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval beneath) in a nationally representative sample of adults aged 18 years or over, New Zealand, September–October 2014
| Nut butters… | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor | Taste | Healthy/nutritious* | Good source of protein* | Convenience | Good source of energy/calories* | Good source of vitamins & minerals* | Good source of unsaturated fat* | Good sources of fibre* | Good source of Se (some of them)* | |||||||||
| Gender | P=0·170 | |||||||||||||||||
| Female | 1·00 | |||||||||||||||||
| Male | 1·38 | 0·87, 2·20 | ||||||||||||||||
| Age | P=0·260 | P=0·229 | P =0·030 | P=0·094 | P=0·204 | |||||||||||||
| Per 10 years | 0·91 | 0·77, 1·07 | 0·91 | 0·77, 1·06 | 1·21 | 1·02, 1·45 | 1·26 | 0·96, 1·64 | 1·16 | 0·92, 1·45 | ||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | P =0·028 | P =0·038 | P =0·027 | P=0·171 | ||||||||||||||
| <25·0 | 1·00a | 1·00a | 1·00a | 1·00 | ||||||||||||||
| 25·0–29·9 | 0·57b | 0·33, 0·99 | 0·48b | 0·27, 0·84 | 0·36b | 0·17, 0·76 | 0·59 | 0·29, 1·19 | ||||||||||
| ≥30·0 | 0·43b | 0·22, 0·84 | 0·63a,b | 0·28, 1·39 | 0·67a,b | 0·30, 1·48 | 0·48 | 0·20, 1·18 | ||||||||||
| Annual household income ($NZ) | P =0·037 | P =0·013 | ||||||||||||||||
| ≤30 000 | 1·00a | 1·00a,b | ||||||||||||||||
| 30 001–70 000 | 1·94a,b | 0·85, 4·45 | 2·24a | 0·68, 7·41 | ||||||||||||||
| ≥70 001 | 3·34b | 1·33, 8·37 | 0·63b | 0·16, 2·41 | ||||||||||||||
| Highest level of education | P=0·192 | P=0·067 | ||||||||||||||||
| Less than high school | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||||||||||
| High school | 1·35 | 0·24, 7·58 | 0·39 | 0·17, 0·89 | ||||||||||||||
| Post-high school (non-degree) | 2·68 | 0·45, 16·11 | 0·90 | 0·44, 1·84 | ||||||||||||||
| University | 2·89 | 0·48, 17·24 | 1·00 | 1·00, 1·00 | ||||||||||||||
| Current smoker | P=0·878 | P=0·232 | P=0·143 | |||||||||||||||
| No | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0·93 | 0·36, 2·40 | 1·48 | 0·78, 2·81 | 2·06 | 0·78, 5·41 | ||||||||||||
| Ethnicity | P=0·243 | P=0·264 | ||||||||||||||||
| European | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||||||||||||||||
| Māori | 1·30 | 0·65, 2·62 | 1·38 | 0·54, 3·56 | ||||||||||||||
| Asian | 2·68 | 0·86, 8·41 | 2·83 | 0·97, 8·24 | ||||||||||||||
| Other/not stated | 0·73 | 0·32, 1·65 | 1·18 | 0·51, 2·71 | ||||||||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||||||||
| Female | ||||||||||||||||||
| Male | ||||||||||||||||||
| Age | P =0·003 ‡ | P <0·001 ║ | P <0·001 | P=0·114 | ||||||||||||||
| Per 10 years | § | § | 1·55 | 1·29, 1·86 | 1·15 | 0·97, 1·38 | ||||||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | P=0·153 | |||||||||||||||||
| <25·0 | 1·00 | |||||||||||||||||
| 25·0–29·9 | 1·08 | 0·42, 2·77 | ||||||||||||||||
| ≥30·0 | 2·31 | 0·88, 6·03 | ||||||||||||||||
| Annual household income ($NZ) | P=0·071 | P =0·035 | ||||||||||||||||
| ≤30 000 | 1·00 | 1·00a,b | ||||||||||||||||
| 30 001–70 000 | 1·87 | 0·61, 5·76 | 1·31a | 0·46, 3·73 | ||||||||||||||
| ≥70 001 | 0·61 | 0·19, 2·02 | 0·30b | 0·09, 1·01 | ||||||||||||||
| Highest level of education | ||||||||||||||||||
| Less than high school | ||||||||||||||||||
| High school | ||||||||||||||||||
| Post-high school (non-degree) | ||||||||||||||||||
| University | ||||||||||||||||||
| Current smoker | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||||
| European | ||||||||||||||||||
| Māori | ||||||||||||||||||
| Asian | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other/not stated | ||||||||||||||||||
Cells are blank where this variable did not achieve P <0·25 in the univariable model. Significant P values are indicated in bold font. Where the overall P value is statistically significant, values that share a superscript letter are not statistically different.
Statements that are supported by current evidence.
Some nuts such as pistachios, cashews and almonds contain useful (>4 mg non-haem Fe/100 g) amounts of Fe, but bioavailability and significance will rely on other dietary factors.
P value is for Wald composite test of both a linear trend (OR=1·20/10 years; 95 % CI 0·96, 1·49; P=0·105) and a quadratic trend after centring (OR=0·99/10 units; 95 % CI 0·98, 1·00; P=0·048), creating an n-shaped association with the highest probability at age 61 years.
Selected for inclusion in the multivariable model but subsequently excluded due to quasi-complete separation.
P value is for Wald composite test of both a linear trend (OR=1·48/10 years; 95 % CI 1·12, 1·95; P=0·006) and a quadratic trend after centring (OR=0·98/10 units; 95 % CI 0·97, 0·99; P=0·003), creating an n-shaped association with the highest probability at age 63 years.