Table 2.
Logistic regression analysis examining the associations between several perinatal factors (independent variables) and increased total and visceral fat mass levels (dependent variables) among 9–13-year-old children from four regions of Greece; Healthy Growth Study
| Dependent variable | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | Increased total fat mass (third tertile†) | Increased visceral fat mass (third tertile†) | ||||
| Independent variable | n | % of total | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI |
| Type of conception | ||||||
| Normal | 1192 | 97·1 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| IVF | 36 | 2·9 | 0·55 | 0·22, 1·33 | 1·09 | 0·51, 2·35 |
| Mother’s pre-pregnancy weight status | ||||||
| Normal weight | 932 | 75·9 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Underweight | 87 | 7·1 | 0·67 | 0·37, 1·19 | 0·73 | 0·40, 1·32 |
| Overweight | 170 | 13·8 | 2·03 | 1·44, 2·86 | 2·02 | 1·42, 2·87 |
| Obese | 39 | 3·2 | 3·73 | 1·95, 7·13 | 4·44 | 2·32, 8·50 |
| Gestational weight gain | ||||||
| Within IOM recommendation | 406 | 33·1 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Below IOM recommendation | 439 | 35·7 | 0·84 | 0·61, 1·15 | 0·83 | 0·60, 1·15 |
| Above IOM recommendation | 383 | 31·2 | 1·36 | 1·00, 1·85 | 1·08 | 0·78, 1·49 |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy | ||||||
| No smoking | 1038 | 84·5 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Smoking at any one or two trimesters | 76 | 6·2 | 1·79 | 1·10, 2·92 | 1·19 | 0·69, 2·04 |
| All trimesters | 114 | 9·3 | 1·73 | 1·15, 2·60 | 2·08 | 1·39, 3·13 |
| High blood pressure during pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 1172 | 95·4 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Yes | 35 | 2·9 | 1·12 | 0·53, 2·36 | 0·98 | 0·44, 2·17 |
| Not known | 21 | 1·7 | 1·12 | 0·43, 2·92 | 1·65 | 0·66, 4·12 |
| Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 1169 | 95·2 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Yes | 33 | 2·7 | 0·89 | 0·40, 2·00 | 0·73 | 0·30, 1·78 |
| Not known | 26 | 2·1 | 1·03 | 0·43, 2·46 | 1·45 | 0·62, 3·38 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | ||||||
| <37 | 261 | 21·3 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| ≥37 | 967 | 78·7 | 1·02 | 0·75, 1·40 | 0·98 | 0·71, 1·35 |
| Parity | ||||||
| Uniparous | 615 | 50·1 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Multiparous | 613 | 49·9 | 0·91 | 0·71, 1·17 | 1·02 | 0·79, 1·33 |
| Birth weight for gestational age | ||||||
| Appropriate (10th–89th percentile) | 994 | 80·9 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Small (<10th percentile) | 142 | 11·6 | 1·18 | 0·80, 1·74 | 1·06 | 0·71, 1·60 |
| Large (>90th percentile) | 92 | 7·5 | 0·83 | 0·50, 1·38 | 0·85 | 0·50, 1·43 |
| Type of delivery | ||||||
| Normal | 889 | 72·4 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Caesarean | 339 | 27·6 | 1·10 | 0·83, 1·46 | 1·01 | 0·75, 1·36 |
| Weight gain in the first 6 months | ||||||
| Average (Z-score change=−1 to +1) | 694 | 56·5 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Poor (Z-score change<−1) | 141 | 11·5 | 1·12 | 0·74, 1·70 | 1·16 | 0·74, 1·81 |
| Rapid (Z-score change > +1) | 393 | 32·0 | 1·52 | 1·15, 2·00 | 2·05 | 1·54, 2·73 |
| Breast-feeding | ||||||
| Not exclusive | 1126 | 91·7 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Exclusive | 102 | 8·3 | 0·90 | 0·56, 1·44 | 0·73 | 0·44, 1·22 |
| Time of solid food initiation | ||||||
| ≤4 months | 209 | 17·0 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 5–6 months | 837 | 68·2 | 1·25 | 0·88, 1·79 | 1·41 | 0·97, 2·07 |
| >6 months | 182 | 14·8 | 1·24 | 0·78, 1·96 | 1·59 | 1·01, 2·26 |
IVF, in vitro fertilization; IOM, Institute of Medicine.
Bold font indicates statistically significant OR (P<0·05).
OR and 95 % CI derived from univariate logistic regression models, i.e. with its model including one perinatal variable as independent variable and the highest total or visceral fat mass level as dependent variable.
As no specific and widely used cut-off points for total and visceral fat mass are available, the third tertiles of children with the highest levels with total and visceral fat mass were used as independent variables.